The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate Essays -

The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate The Functions and History of the Roman Senate In the present current world agent government is the standard. About all legislatures are administered by their residents by means of a republic or some other sort of overseeing body. Be that as it may, in the antiquated world, this standard of popularity based government had not yet grabbed hold; political control despite everything had a place with the couple of tip top, rich, and incredible people and compelling families. In this manner, we have a difference between legislatures of the old world and our cutting edge governments. At the end of the day, the past for the most part means government, domain, or supreme control. While current government as a rule suggests republic, casting a ballot, or majority rule control. Notwithstanding, an examination of Roman government uncovers that it doesn't actually fit absolutely into either shape of government. It was a blend of numerous components, vote based, monarchial, and blue-blooded. The motivation behind this report will be to give a general review of the structure, force, and capacity of one part of the Roman government-that is, the Roman Senate. Likewise, this paper will serve to give a chronicled setting to the Senate, including both the starting points and death of this legislative body and will talk about the issues of class strife as it identified with the Senate's capacity and purview. There were three principle parts of the Roman Republic. The first speaks to the monarchial component getting by from when Rome had a lord (this will be talked about in more noteworthy length and detail beneath). Two officers or representatives had extreme common and military position. The two delegates held their office for one year (they were chosen by Roman residents) and afterward after their term had lapsed, entered the Senate forever. Every delegate could veto the activities of the other, along these lines filling in as a check for one individual picking up a lot of political force and in this manner forestalled (in any event incidentally) the Republic from being sabotaged by an expected despot. Their essential obligations included driving the military, filling in as judges, and having stylized strict obligations. The following legislative foundation, which spoke to the popularity based component of the Roman Republic, are the Assemblies. These Assemblies were hypothetically comprised of all grown-up male Romans (the main exemption is that they must be available at the gatherings). Their essential capacities were the yearly appointment of emissaries, affirming or dismissing laws, and choosing issues of war and harmony. One extraordinary defect of this body was that the wealthier residents casted a ballot first and consequently impacted how the remainder of the Assembly casted a ballot. At long last, we go to the focal point of this report, is, the Roman Senate. The Senate spoke to the refined and elitist component of Roman government and was an assortment of aristocrat residents (the aristocrat/ordinary clash will be depicted in more profundity later) who filled in as the authoritative part of the legislature just as a warning body. In the start of the Republic, the Senate contained 300 individuals, the individuals themselves were looked over the aristocrat class, ex-diplomats, and different officials who served forever. When that Julius Caesar picked up power, the Senates enrollment had expanded to about 800 individuals. Regardless of having a generally warning job, by the third Century BC the Senate had the option to build its impact and force. A portion of the forces that it picked up were that it arranged enactment to be put before the Assembly, it directed accounts, managed for remote issues, and regulated the official state religions. Be that as it may, regardless of its expansion in power, the Senate didn't have the ability to make laws, by just issue orders known as Decreta or Senatus Consulta, which fundamentally filled in as legitimate suggestions and keeping in mind that they conveyed some weight, they despite everything had no real authoritative and lawful position. Another intriguing part of the Roman Senate was that Senators got no compensation for their administrations as government authorities. During the republic, the most significant movement for the little gathering of aristocrat families that controlled the Senate was simply the quest for political force, their family, and companions. A congressperson was required to welcome everybody heartily and by name, and was really helped by a slave called a nomenclator whose obligation it was to remember names and help distinguish individuals. Gatherings of

Incompatibilism V. Compatibilism free essay sample

There are two winning incompatibilist sees concerning unrestrained choice, hard Determinism or Libertarianism. The previous declares that in the event that determinism is valid, at that point through and through freedom is nonexistent and people are basically robots following a way decided for us from quite a while ago and regular laws. The last denies that determinism is valid and along these lines seems to acquaint irregularity as a clarification with represent unrestrained choice. Compatibilists guarantee that unrestrained choice and determinism can exist together. For the extent of this paper I will consider the three winning contentions for the presence of through and through freedom or scarcity in that department and contend that a compatibilist see conceivable view for the presence of unrestrained choice. First I will endeavor to show that determinism and through and through freedom can coincide, in this manner dismissing the Hard Determinism contention. Next I will guarantee that Libertarianism doesn't successfully preclude determinism, by concentrating on the Quantum Mechanics reaction. At long last I will endeavor to bring up a connection among duty and compatibilism. We will compose a custom exposition test on Incompatibilism V. Compatibilism or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Determinism and Compatibilism The theory of causal determinism expresses that each occasion has a reason and that human, an occasion, is no exemption to the standard. Completely put, in the event that we know the entirety of the physical realities and causal laws about a circumstance, we can figure out what will happen straightaway. Implying that convictions and activities cause our activities, and our past causes our convictions and wants (I. e. guardians/grandparents). The Hard Determinist contention, which streams from the postulation of causal assurance, expresses the accompanying : 1)Everything we do is brought about by powers over which we have no control. 2)If our activities are causes by powers which we have no control, we don't act uninhibitedly. )In this way, we never act uninhibitedly. The Hard Determinist contention gives off an impression of being in struggle with whether we act unreservedly instead of â€Å"free will† or our capacity to settle on decisions. Utilizing a psychological test I wi ll endeavor to clarify the diverse between acting uninhibitedly and unrestrained choice. Late examinations show that liquor addiction is a multifaceted issue brought about by a lot of qualities, which increment one’s inclination to turning into a drunkard, and ecological elements . James is a College Park understudy that goes to The Thirsty Turtle day by day since he appreciates the flavor of liquor and the impression of being smashed. It certainly appears that James is free in deciding to drink each day, however his choice to drink is caused be past components. James’ guardians were heavy drinkers who drank uninhibitedly before James when he was more youthful, along these lines notwithstanding adding to his hereditary inclination; his folks gave a liquor advancing condition. One night while drinking, James and Billy leave the bar amazingly inebriated. Nor is fit to drive, yet James takes the haggle inevitably engaged with a deadly mishap which murders his companion Billy. James falls into melancholy after Billy’s passing, holds a weapon to his head, and pulls the trigger. The significant inquiry is whether James acted openly? One can concur that James ended it all of his own â€Å"free will† or decision at the same time, from determinism one can say that James didn't act unreservedly. On the off chance that we glance back at Billy’s unending causal timetable, it becomes obvious that James didn't act unreservedly: He was the child of heavy drinkers and brought up in a drunkard situation, his granddad was a drunkard, and his predecessor from Columbus’ revelation, a Native American, turned into a heavy drinker after the pioneers acquainted him with liquor. Characterizing â€Å"free will† as one’s capacity to pick isn't in struggle with determinism. Determinism despite everything wins in light of the fact that, similarly as with the model with James, one doesn't act uninhibitedly because of their foreordained reasons for his liquor abuse. Up until this point, I have endeavored to show that unrestrained choice, under the definition expressed above, and determinism can exist together. Compatibilism gives a superior record of through and through freedom contrasted with Hard Determinism since it shows that unrestrained choice can exist and along these lines represents that Hard Determinism is at present erroneous on the grounds that it doesn't represent choice. Libertarianism †Is Randomness and Answer? Though compatibilism dismisses the second reason of the Hard Determinist contention, Libertarianism dismisses the primary reason †the possibility that determinism exists to the extent that it applies to individuals. There are three general libertarian reactions that endeavor to dismiss determinism: experience/thoughtfulness, responsibility, and quantum hypothesis. For this paper, I will cover what seems, by all accounts, to be the most convincing reaction, quantum hypothesis. â€Å"According to quantum mechanics, a foundation of present-day material science, the principles that oversee the conduct of subatomic articles are unchangeably probabilistic. † For instance, if one somehow happened to shoot a photon bar through a X-beam film as per quantum mechanics, best case scenario, we can just decide the likelihood of a solitary photon’s capacity to infiltrate the film, yet not which specific photon endures . Quantum hypot hesis brings irregularity into the universe, however does the arbitrary movement of subatomic particles invalidate determinism and permit us to drop the thought of determinism for each fiber of the universe? I don’t accept so. As Rachels would state, Randomness and opportunity are totally unique. My concern with quantum mechanics is that it doesn't preclude determinism. Take the accompanying model; we dispatch a shot inside a vacuum (no air opposition). We know, from Newtonian Physics, the way the shot will take, the speed at the highest point of its flight, and the hour of its flight. These factors are continually verified in material science labs, and the occasion is causally decided as in we can follow gravity (the primary impact on shot movement) back to the development of the universe and earth. Since we can decide shot movement I don't perceive how from quantum mechanics, it follows that determinism doesn't exist. Obligation under Compatibilism Determining whether we are liable for an activity relies upon whether the activity is merits fault or acclaim. Through and through freedom is an important segment of obligation, on the off chance that we attest that unrestrained choice doesn't exists, similarly as with the Hard Determinist contention, at that point duty would be silly since one can't pick an activity. James Rachels gives a record of obligation dependent on three conditions : 1. You more likely than not done the demonstration being referred to 2. The demonstration should in some sense have been off-base 3. You should have no reason having done the demonstration. *Viable reasons: botches, mishaps, compulsion, obliviousness and madness. The inverse applies for excellence, yet pardons are replaces with conditions practically equivalent to pardons. So I don't get this' meaning for compatibilism? Since we do have through and through freedom agreeing compatibilism, we are answerable for our activities inasmuch as these activities are commendable or reprehensible under the Rachels record of duty. With this paper, I trust that I have endeavored to clarify that hard determinism’s blemish is that it doesn't represent choice. Libertarianism’s mainstream reaction, quantum mechanics, neglects to expose clearly decided occasions (shot in a vacuum). Along these lines leaving compatibilism, with the overhauled meaning of through and through freedom, as the best record with the expectation of complimentary will.

MIT IreneCam

MIT IreneCam Ive decamped from the Boston area northwards to New Hampshire for the weekend. My house in the suburbs of Cambridge, while high enough to avoid flooding in nonapocalyptic scenarios, is almost certain to lose power for some time because it is surrounded by an intricate interweaving of dead trees and ancient power lines. So I figured Id come up here, hang out with my brothers, and try to ride out the worst of it. But before I left, I set up a webcam in the office, looking out over Killian Court towards the Boston skyline. I dont anticipate MIT losing power (we have our own power plant and all of the wires are underground), so as long as it doesnt eventually crash the computer its on out of a browser memory leak (always a possibility) it should remain up. Killian is protected from the worst of the winds and rains by the arms of buildings 4 and 3, so thats what youre seeing. Oh, and theres no sound, so youre not going deaf. Video streaming by Ustream If youre following the storm from home, I highly recommend the New York Times Hurricane Tracker, which Ive embedded in a woefully insufficiently-wide iframe below amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;pamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;Your browser does not support iframes.amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/pamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;The NYT has really ramped up their Web 2.0 interaction graphics / media visualizations and this is an incredible example of it. Two other resources that Im constantly refreshing are the National Weather Services Radar Full Resolution Loop, which is a looping, updating GIF of the super high resolution radar images direct from the NWS, and the Google Crisis Response Teams interactive widget as well (make sure to click the Layers button below): One final note: for those of you who already have students here at MIT, including those who just dropped off brand spanking new freshman over the past few days, do not be alarmed. As I mentioned earlier, MIT has its own power plant, with wires running underground. The buildings are all quite sturdy and have lots of shelter. We have loads of police, EMTs, and our own hospital on campus. Nowhere is perfectly safe but MIT is as safe as it can get.

President Hoover, A Brilliant Man - 1450 Words

erbert Hoover, America’s 31st president, was unlucky enough to be president during the beginning and early years of the Great Depression. He was a brilliant man, but his ideas and beliefs would hurt his reputation and make him an inevitable one-term president. Firstly, Hoover passed many controversial bills during his time in office. An examples of this is the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930. This law greatly increased a number of tariffs on a variety of imported goods. President Hoover signed the law because he thought it would reduce competition from foreign products. But other nations soon reacted by raising tariffs on imported goods, which increased the hurt put on the U.S. economy. Hoover believed that business, if left alone without government interference, would correct the economic conditions. He vetoed several bills aimed at relieving the Depression because he felt they gave the federal government too much power. This caused many people in the nation to dislike him a lot. People that lost their jobs and could not afford a home moved to a shabby section of town and built shacks from flattened tin cans and old crates. Groups of these shacks were called â€Å"Hoovervilles†, a name that reflected the people s anger and disappointment at President Herbert Hoover s failure to end the Depression (Mitchener). From here, things never got better for his presidency. One event that occurred happened because Germany, and other countries, could not pay the 1931 installment on itsShow MoreRelated President Herbert Hoover Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st president of the United States. During his first year in office the Wall Street crash of 1929 occurred. He was blamed for the resulting collapse of the economy, and his unpopular policies brought an end to a brilliant career in public office. After the inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933, however, Hoover remained a leading critic of the New Deal and a spokesman for the Republican party. Early Life Born on Aug. 10Read MoreOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties1145 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation and along with other dilemmas led to a stunning and rapid increase in the amount of organized crime. The sudden uproar of organized crime during the 1920s was caused mainly by prohibition that gave rise to many street gangs, all with one man at its helm, which caused a massive increase in police forces. During the 1920s, the eighteenth amendment was enacted making the sale and consumption of alcohol illegal throughout the entire United States. This time period is referred to as the ageRead MoreKennedys Life, Leadership, and Legacy1657 Words   |  7 PagesWhich American president deserves to be titled the best? This question cannot be answered simply, nor matter of factly, for every answer would be a varying opinion. 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Throughout the story, the children meet many different people who they initially deem to be good or bad, but later realize they made hasty judgement Several of these characters - whichRead MoreThe Culture of the Cold War Essay3260 Words   |  14 Pagesguise of liberalism. New dealers and progressives stated to look traitorous to the American public. The manifestation of these paranoid ravings came about with the trial of democratic congressman Alger Hiss. Richard Nixon was sure that Hiss, a brilliant and highly revered politician, had given away government secrets to the enemy. Whitfeild feels that there was substantial evidence against him to merit such a trial and that he was probably guilty, but Hiss only got convicted of perjury. AccordingRead MoreCivil Rights in the USA 1945-1975 Essay3664 Words   |  15 Pagesthem. In the end President Eisenhower had to order 1,000 paratroopers and 10,000 national guardsmen to little rock. On the 25th of September, the school was segregated. This was a big step as now black people were staying to be treated the same, it may of only been 9 people but it was the beginning to a happy ending. In 1955 a black woman called Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery, as she had refused her seat at the front of the bus to a white man. The night afterRead MoreEssay on The Role of Labor in American History9019 Words   |  37 PagesAmerican labors responsibility in its second century is to adjust to the new conditions, so that it may achieve optimum ability to represent its members and contribute to the evolutionary progress of the American democratic society. AFL-CIO President Lane Kirkland expressed that concept in his formal statement on labors centennial in 1981: Labor has a unique role in strengthening contemporary American society and dealing adequately and forcefully with the challenge of the future. We

Cutting A Friend Loose Sucks - 960 Words

Cutting a friend loose sucks. It s akin to cleaning out a closet that s been jammed packed for years...you avoid it for as long as possible but you end up sucking it up because you can t get new clothes until you make space by getting rid of the old. You have to decide what stays or goes, then if you decide to hang on to an article of clothing, you run the risk of it eventually turning into clutter and making you regret keeping it around when you had to chance to free up the space, or, you worry that six months into the future, you ll think that you shouldn t have gotten rid of that old faithful dress that was clutch for so many years before you hastily dumped it in the frenzy of purging. You know it s necessary but the thought alone makes your stomach hurt. I spoke to a close friend recently and she was feeling down because she had to break up with a friend of hers that had disappointed her one too many times. Listening to the defeat in her voice got me to thinking about just how painful it really is to break up with a friend. We re absolutely conditioned to navigate the ins and outs of breaking it off with a romantic partner, but not really a friend. I know that I ve had more than one friendship that felt like a toxic marriage that, at the time, I couldn t free myself from for reasons that ranged from pure loyalty for the person to fear of getting rid of someone that held true value in my life. In a couple of cases I just didn t want the person to thinkShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : My Personal Experience2327 Words   |  10 Pageslibrary and study, so I met up with about ten friends at the lockers next to the student center to eat junk food, â€Å"do homework,† and listen to music. I plopped my purple, patterned backpa ck down on the rough carpet. The backpack landed with a thud. I plopped myself down on the ground next to the backpack and got out my laptop. I was not in the most social mood, and took out my black earbuds, plugged them in, and started jamming out. One of my friends came over to me and asked what I was listeningRead MoreEssay on Suffering in Titues Andronicus and King Lear2882 Words   |  12 Pagesmother role that causes suffering for Lear and his children. In both plays it is not just the protagonists that suffers because of an absent mother figure but instead many of the characters abound with this condition. In Titus Andronicus Tamora looses every bit of her femininity after the ritualistic death of her son. She becomes so consumed by vengeance that she becomes as Bloom states, a monster with no redeeming qualities. 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In addition, this target segment purchases handbags at target because they don’t want to care if they loose or get a handbag stolen. People who buy handbags at Target stores, seek benefits like looking fashionable but not spending the high prices designer stores offer, getting more for their buck, and not having to babysit their purse everywhere they goRead MoreEdexcel Igcse Economics Answer49663 Words   |  199 Pageshas gone up by 30 per cent and the rent on the factory has just increased by  £2,000. These rising costs have resulted in the business cutting back production.  © Pearson Education Ltd 2010 7 (b) The owner has asked the production manager to lay off four members of staff. This is presumably in response to rising wages and other costs. The business is cutting back on production by 10 per cent so the need for staff will be reduced. Consequently four people will be made redundant. 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“Look” in The Searchers Free Essays

Contradicting Ideologies in The Searchers While The Searchers can be viewed from a critical standpoint as a ‘revisionist’ Western in terms of its portrayal of Native Americans, certain aspects of the film contradict this overall message. One such aspect is the character Look, who serves a role both as comic relief and as commentary on racist depictions of Native Americans. The Searchers does a superb Job of highlighting the contorted representation of Indians in the Western genre, but Director John Ford’s comic portrayal of Look unwittingly reflects the prejudices and stereotypes entrenched in American culture in the 1950s. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Look† in The Searchers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Look, or â€Å"Wild Goose Flying Across the Night Sky,† appears in a brief flashback sequence delivered from Marty’s point of view in a letter to Laurie. The scene portrays Martys quest with Ethan to find the Comanche Chief Scar who had kidnapped his adoptive sister Debbie years earlier. While attempting to purchase a blanket from a Comanche tribe with connections to Scar, Marty inadvertently bestows a bride token upon Looks father, resulting in an accidental marriage. The mise-en-scene in the first flashback sets the tone for the remainder of he scenes featuring Look, establishing a racial hierarchy and foreshadowing the power structure in Marty and Looks relationship. The traditional Native American tune playing throughout serves as a sound bridge that connects all of the scenes featuring Look with an upbeat tempo that sets a lighthearted mood continued throughout the comedic climax in the second flashback. Additionally, character blocking offers insight into Looks social position and foreshadows the outcome of her relationship with Marty. While Marty is negotiating with Looks father, an establishing hot shows Marty standing above Look as she sits cross-legged on the ground. The scene then cuts back and forth between a towering Marty and Look sitting meekly on the ground. This eludes both to white man’s dominance and Marty’s supremacy in their relationship. Ford uses scenes of this ill-fated marriage as a humorous interlude in a film otherwise dense with revisionist commentary, grim scenes, and desolate landscapes. While Look is a source of irritation for Marty, it is evident almost immediately that Ford means for Look to be a source of comedic relief from the otherwise intense storyline. In the subsequent scene, as Look dutifully follows Marty away from the Comanche camp and it dawns on Marty that he has accidentally married her, Ethan bursts into delighted guffaws exclaiming, â€Å"[c]ome along Mrs. Pauly! † Look is a source of entertainment for both Ethan and the audience as well, who is expected to laugh along with Ethan’s quips. Other characters in the film also find Martys marriage comical; after hearing about Martys marriage, Mr. Jorgensen and Charlie laugh heartily, and while Laurie is upset, she is clearly less concerned about her love interest being married than she is with his new wife’s ethnicity. The response of the film’s characters to Marty and Looks marriage encourages the audience to view the situation in a comical light. In the second flashback, Look obediently takes care of Marty and attempts to do domestic work at the campsite. Doing everything she can to please Marty, she obligingly agrees to answer to â€Å"Look† despite it having no relation to her real name. The scene climaxes when she dutifully lies down next to Marty on his bedroll tor the night Enraged, M rty kicks ner ott and she tumbles down the hill with a crash. This is followed not with concern for Look by he characters or a change in the tone of the scene, as one would expect when encountering violence against a woman in a movie today, but with yet another quip from Ethan. Laughing, he yells, mfou know that’s grounds for di-vorce in Texas! You’re really rough. † Additionally, Ford focuses on Ethan rather than Look after her fall. Ethan’s lighthearted reaction and the overall tone of the scene signal to the audience that Looks mistreatment should be a source of amusement rather than concern. The same upbeat soundtrack and Ethan’s steady stream of mockery connect the first and econd flashbacks, maintaining the first’s humorous feel. The stereotypical native tune amplifies Looks already hyperbolized Native American characteristics, and stylized acing greatly contributes to the comedic vibe of the scene. Martys exaggerated anger and seemingly irrational response to Look lying beside him is a directorial play for laughs, as is the fact that Marty’s violence is further emphasized by the addition of sound effects. As Look rolls down the small hill, a large crash is heard, increasing the magnitude of the situation while simultaneously increasing comedic effect. Race plays a key role in the audience’s reception to this scene as amusing rather than disturbing. This is highlighted best when contrasted with an earlier scene in which Laurie enters a room while Martin is taking a bath, invading his privacy in a similar way. It is unlikely Ford would elicit laughter from audiences at the time if Marty responded to Laurie’s intrusion with violence. It is due to the cultural racism and prejudice of the time that audiences were far more likely to value the life of, and therefore care about the treatment of, Laurie. Looks diminished value s a person is made evident by clear differences in how Ford handles both characters in the film. The final flashback has a somber tone and soundtrack meant to elicit sympathy and reflection from the audience. This, however, conflicts directly with how Ford uses Looks character as a comic figure in previous scenes. When Looks body is discovered in the final flashback her death even awakens a moment of sympathy from the profoundly racist Ethan, who covers her body with a blanket. This scene highlights incongruities in the value of white and Indian lives. Historically, the udiences of Westerns were encouraged to grieve for the loss of white characters and applaud the death of Indian characters. This trend is continued in The Searchers. Although Looks death is treated with sorrow and compassion, her death is comprehensible and viewable to the audience because her portrayal rarely rises above that of a comic stereotype. By contrast, Ford’s camera does not reveal Martha and Lucy’s bodies to the audience out of deference and reverence to their characters. While Ford’s contradictory treatment of Look as captured by her death scene may be iewed as revisionist commentary, one can’t overlook the fact that there was no precedent at the time for the use of a Native American woman as a comic fgure. It is far more likely that Looks portrayal was not social commentary but rather reflected the director’s own prejudices and the reflection of a racially-charged society coming through in his work. Made in 1956, The Searchers came at the beginning of an era of great cultural change toward race and racial stereotypes in America, and therefore may be among the last of its era and genre to offer such an unapologetic portrayal of tradition of racism. Look is a one-dimensional character compared with the strong temale roles ot Laurie and Debbie, and the discrepancies in Ford’s portrayal ot white and Indian women underscore the idea that Ford viewed them as inferior. More than ten minutes pass between Looks initial and final appearance and, denied a voice, she has only one line of dialogue. The audience never knows Looks story and has little foundation to connect with her in any significant way; she is viewed only through the eyes of the white men around her. The death of her character is noted, but the udience is given few reasons to care about the human being who has died. By overemphasizing the racism and Native Americans stereotypes in The Searchers, Ford encourages the audience to reflect on the deeply rooted tradition of portraying Native Americans in an excessively negative light in the Western genre. This noble revisionist effort, however, is impaired by Ford’s use of Look as a source of comedy. Essentially nothing more than a comic buffoon, the fact that her abuse is entertaining to the audience is an important reflection on Ford and American society at the time. How to cite â€Å"Look† in The Searchers, Papers

Research Project Methodology

Question: Explain Research Project Methodology. Answer: 1.1 Research topic The research is on the topic of analyzing awareness about Dementia for a selected population. 1.2 Aim of the research The aim of the research is to do detailed research on the cause of dementia and determine the implication and perception of the disease in UK. It will collect data on the prevalence of dementia in UK and research on the perception of illness among citizens of UK. The research will be conducted by the round of questionnaires which will give an idea on how to create awareness about the disease in public. 1.3 Develop and evaluate research methodology The research methodology is dependent on the qualitative source of data collected from about 150 citizens of UK. It will be based on randomized sampling technique to gather information from people regarding the perception of Dementia among the people. The survey will be conducted by questionnaire forms, online response and personal interview from college students, offices goers and customers coming in selected restaurants of UK. The detail on the specific question of the survey will be discussed in the research report section. The initial phase of research will investigate relevant sources to get detail on the cause and prevalence of dementia worldwide. The primary and secondary source of information will further help in developing the research on the topic of awareness of dementia. It will give an idea of the severity and burden of disease. Further inquiry about dementia awareness through a series of questionnaires will evaluate people's perception of the disease. This survey will help in the formation of result for the research. The result of the survey will be presented in the form of graphs and tables. It will assist in concluding what needs to be done in the future and the detail on programs that will help to manage and understand the symptoms and cause of dementia. It will be helpful in minimizing the burden of the disease in UK. 1.4 Ethical issue faced Any research needs to be done in compliance with the code of ethic and best research practices. I had to respect individual participants autonomy, and I could not force anyone for the survey. In the case of my survey, I had to adhere to ethical issues of confidentiality and informed consent for the survey. One particular problem that I faced was convincing people to give a response to the survey. Many were reluctant and did not wish to take part in the survey. It was a hard task to explain them the implication and usefulness of my research. I also had to take permission from restaurant owners before I could carry out my survey on the customers coming in the restaurant. Some part of the data was also collected from college students to know their view. For this getting the permission from University staff was a complicated issue. I wanted my survey to be of a high standard whose result will be credible and serve the purpose of my research. It was descriptive and evaluative research to know the level of awareness people have about dementia. I made sure that detail on the topic was investigated, and the proper response rate was generated by the survey. But getting high response rate was also a problem for me. 2.1 Method of investigation The qualitative research method was based on face-to-face interview and taking the response from questionnaire forms and online response. The face-to-face interview was conducted in Colleges and restaurants, and online survey was conducted in offices. All the employees of specific office were forwarded the online survey questionnaires, and they had to give their response within a particular time. I reviewed some literature articles to identify existing practice of conducting investigations. The questionnaires were clear and had an interpretable scoring system. It had the psychometric property of reliability by the accurate flow of question and its consistency with the research topic (Gale et al. 2013). It had some open-ended and some closed ended questions. It utilized non-randomized sampling method for collecting information through a survey (Yanow and Schwartz-Shea 2015). It was a purposive sampling which targeted specific groups of people in UK and included those members in the su rvey. I wanted to take large samples to get better results but due to time constraints, I had to take a small sample of 150 people to make data analysis easier. I chose three age groups of people for my survey to get the perception about dementia in all ages. 2.2 Detailed research on the topic Dementia is a condition in which brain cell stops working leading to cognitive declines such as a problem in memory, language, and thinking. Alzheimer's disease is also related to dementia. It is a neurodegenerative disease with about 47.5 million people suffering from dementia worldwide. The incidence of dementia is expected to rise to about 76 million people by 2030. Mostly older people are affected by it, and Alzheimer's disease is the cause of more than 60% of dementia. The current cost of dementia to the worldwide health care system is about 604 million dollar. It is necessary to research about the role of screening and detection to improve care for dementia. One such article reviewed the value of screening for cognitive impairment. Recent studies on dementia have challenged previous thinking about the screening for cognitive impairment. The priorities of health care have changed, and health care policies have been modified to establish annual wellness visit which will detect co gnitive impairment in the target population. For reestablishing screening methods, the Alzheimers Foundation of America and the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation has organized a workshop to review evidence for screening implementation and evaluating the effect of timely dementia detection for health care redesigning. It considered benefits, harms, and influence of health care screening on health care quality. The Foundation developed recommendations for making national policies for early detection. It will be an appropriate step for improving clinical care and ensuring proactive, patient-centered management of dementia (Borson et al. 2013). One literature study was based on identifying effective interventions which will improve the quality of care for patients with dementia at home. For this they used inclusion criteria like randomized controlled trials, searching science database and peer-reviewed journal till 2012 and evaluating strategies for care of dementia patients and participant above 65 years of age was taken. They identified many studies which they could include for their purpose of the study. The study suggested that psycho-educational programs frequently assess intervention and multidimensional intervention produced the most effective result. The study finally concluded that because of the vast variety of interventions, evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention is difficult. The study suggested that cognitive rehabilitation is beneficial during early stages of the disease. The study was limited by sample heterogeneity and lack of clarity in the description (Zabalegui et al. 2014). One article demonstrated the level of cognitive impairment in early-stage dementia. The awareness of individual related to memory, daily activities and socio-emotional functioning declined after an increase of severity. The study assessed 101 individuals with early stage dementia and they completed the neuropsychological test and analyzed their moods and quality of life. Great discrepancies were found in daily life activities, memory, and socio-emotional functioning. It was found that level of disparities did not change over time. It was found that their daily life activities declined, but anxiety level and quality of life remained stable (Clare et al. 2012). There is a significant gap in understanding of dementia among people. This article studied the role of television, visual media and disability studies on raising awareness about the disease. They thought of implementing Living well with dementia video which will feature people with dementia and show their interview where they will explain how they manage their condition and what it means to live well with the condition. This form of raising awareness by visual media was critical. It showed that displaying real-life experiences was crucial for making people aware of the disease. The patients in the videos discussed their experience of diagnosis, adjustment in lifestyle, the level of support from families and involvement in social activities. The video was disseminated by the most modern form of visual aid which is YouTube. They also analyzed the impact of understanding of dementia through questionnaires. It concluded that personal stories are a useful way of raising awareness and impr oving those health conditions that has stigma or disability associated with it (Heward et al. 2015). This section analyzed the worldwide programs for creating awareness of the disease and what lessons can be learned from these programs. Dementia is a global health problem. The prevalence of the disease is higher in Latin-America and Asia. The government of different countries has introduced dementia plan to improve the quality of care. It described the goals of dementia plan for Europe and gave detail on Brazilian situation. The shared goals of different programs were reducing stigma by raising awareness about the disease, increasing the rate of correct diagnosis and arranging for educational programs for family and health care providers. The European dementia plan proposed on establishing more reference centers for evaluation of diagnosis of dementia. They concluded that integrated care is a challenge in most countries. They also recommended identifying barriers to the implementation of such programs by studying European plans (Engedal and Laks 2016). 2.3 Review research and relevant theory The review of different literature gave valuable insight into the burden of health services for maintaining dementia and developing an approach for implementation of awareness programs for dementia. Some evaluated the value of implementing screening methods for improving the quality the quality of life of such patients, while some focused on identifying a specific intervention that will help in better management of the disease. The study on patients with early dementia revealed how dementia had an effect on their daily life activity and professional growth. One article gave details on the role of visual media in dissemination of information related to the awareness of the disease. Another article gave an idea about the different kind of plans existing worldwide to manage the conditions of dementia. It was focused and studying previous intervention programs and identifying the barrier that would result in the implementation of awareness programs. 3.1 Interpretation of findings and conclusion Some of the article reviewed for my research was extremely helpful in carrying out my research. The role of television and another visual aid was a very informative article to study. It was very useful for framing my research as it gave an idea of what kind of videos programs for awareness can have a mass reach among the audience. I feel the European plan on intervention was also a useful work to study. In the future, I will have to arrange awareness programs related to dementia; then I could review the plans of a different country and rectify mistakes for implementation of a successful program. The personal experience of dementia was also a useful article as it helped in framing the questions for my survey. 4.1 Research Report The purpose of conducting the survey in citizens of UK was to investigate the level of knowledge of people about the disease. The sample size for my study was 150 people coming from different fields like students (for the survey in colleges), work professional (the study was done in office) and common citizens (for the survey in restaurants). The intention of taking this diverse group was to get data from all age groups of people. The survey had some open-ended, and some closed ended questions to investigate peoples response. The different questions for the survey were as follows: Age and male of respondents (choice was given) Professional specialization/students (choice) Do you know what dementia is? (option of yes or no) Is it a normal part of aging? (yes or no) Is there any care for dementia or not? (yes or no) Are you or any family member suffers from dementia? (give brief detail) Do you have experience of personal caring for such patients? (yes or no) Are you aware of the symptoms or risk factors of dementia? (yes or no, if yes then what risk) Would you like to know about the ways of managing people with dementia? (yes or no) How do you think awareness can be created in mass public? (give your view) 4.2 Results Out of 150 respondents for my survey, 66 % were male and 34% female. The college students were in the age group of 20-35 years; office goers consisted of people between age 30-60 years and consumers in restaurants were in the age group of 20-60 years. When asked about the knowledge of dementia, only 55% were aware of the condition of dementia. Figure 1: Percentage of people aware about the condition of dementia Many students and professionals thought that dementia was a normal part of aging. About 60% respondents thought it was a normal part of aging while 40% new the cause of dementia. The whole response of citizens of UK is summarized in the table below. Response to questions Is there any cure for dementia Do anyone suffers from dementia Experience of personal care for patients with dementia Symptoms and risk factors of dementia Interest in learning management of dementia Yes 70% 65% 47% 45% 75% No 30% 35% 53% 55% 25% The majority of people thought that treatment exists for dementia. Those who knew about the condition had the knowledge about the disease because they had someone in the family (like father or grandfather or ancestors) or they were suffering from the disease. Those who had a history of dementia in family revealed that they knew about personal care. But still, only 47 % had this view. When enquired about the risk factors for dementia, a variety of answers were given. The majority of people about 70% thought that people are at risk due to family history of the disease. 20% felt that history of mental illness is the risk factor for dementia. The actual risk factor awareness was low. Only 10 % of respondents believed that smoking and obesity increase the risk of the disease. The last question regarding ways of creating awareness gave a variety of answer like using social media platforms, arranging for programs, making specific policies to manage the disease, dissemination of information by distributing pamphlets and creating videos on popular video sites. 4.3 Summarize information The overall finding of the survey report on UK citizens revealed that there is a minimum level of knowledge and awareness about dementia. Only 30% of the population knows that there is no cure for dementia. Many regarded that since it is a neurodegenerative disease, it will have a cure for the disease. But the reality is that treatment depends on the cause of disease, but progressive dementia does not have any treatment methods that will stop the progression of the disease. Medications are there just only to improve symptoms temporarily. So the only option available is reducing the risk factors and implementing lifestyle changes. To prevent the manifestation of the disease, clarity about risk factor is essential. However, survey report revealed that there was great confusion about the risk factors. Some felt that dementia was a normal part of aging which is incorrect. Although there are ways to reduce the risk factors, many were of the view that there was no way to decrease the risk factors. 5.1 Reflect on project design and methodology My project was dependent on the design of questionnaires for conducting the survey. The questions in the study had to be specific as it would be the framework for my research. All information related to the questionnaires will only be used in developing my research and coming to a conclusion (Prince et al. 2013). The qualitative method of conducting my research relied on survey reports collected from citizens of UK coming from different walks of life. The survey was an important part of my research. Though initially, I had to investigate previous research on the awareness and interventions for dementia, my research gave valuable insight into the future course of actions that needs to be taken for managing dementia. It became evident from taking the view from the respondents like how they would like to create awareness of the disease to the public. 5.2 Evaluate findings The result of my survey report revealed that there is a serious lack of knowledge about the disease in people of UK. It is a growing health concern worldwide, and ways of preventing the disease and managing the disease are essential for reducing the socio-economic burden associated with the condition. Therefore the primary purpose of my report was to investigate the level of awareness about the disease in common public. This will help in knowing the level of intervention required for prevention and management of dementia. The survey report revealed that very few who knew about the disease only had the information because they were themselves suffering from dementia or they had family members with the disease. There was severe deficit among respondents regarding the area of assessment for the disease such as lifestyle changes and ways of reducing risk factors. This research gave me the direction to further develop this project and determine what feature in the awareness programs and m ethods of dissemination of information to reduce the severity of the disease. 5.3 Recommendations for future It is highly recommended that people know about the primary risk factors and ways of preventing dementia. Dealing with dementia effectively is an essential part of care. The risk factors for dementia are common to those for cardiovascular disease. So through the arrangement of awareness programs in specific targeted population, it is necessary to educate people about the reducing progression of the disease by quitting smoking, minimizing blood pressure cholesterol and blood sugar (Urakami 2016). People should also be educated on implementing lifestyle changes and restricting diet to control the disease. The awareness programs should also give detail on behavioral management as it is associated with aggressiveness, wandering tendencies and poor eating and sleeping habits. Adequate counseling should be given to such patient to reduce speech impairment and to indulge them in activities that keep their mind active. Reference Borson, S, Frank, L, Bayley, PJ, Boustani, M, Dean, M, Lin, PJ, McCarten, JR, Morris, J., Salmon, DP, Schmitt, FA and Stefanacci, RG, 2013. Improving dementia care: the role of screening and detection of cognitive impairment.Alzheimer's Dementia,9(2), pp. 151-159. Clare, L, Nelis, SM, Martyr, A, Whitaker, CJ, Markov, IS., Roth, I, Woods, RT and Morris, RG, 2012. Longitudinal trajectories of awareness in early-stage dementia.Alzheimer Disease Associated Disorders,26(2), pp. 140-147. Engedal, K and Laks, J, 2016. Towards a Brazilian dementia plan? Lessons to be learned from Europe.Dementia Neuropsychologia,10(2), pp. 74-78. Gale, NK, Heath, G, Cameron, E, Rashid, S and Redwood, S, 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research.BMC medical research methodology,13(1), p. 117. Heward, M, Palfreman-Kay, J and Innes, A, 2015. In their words: How television and visual media can raise awareness of dementia and other health conditions that carry stigma, including disabilities.The Journal of Popular Television,3(2), pp. 229-242. Prince, M, Bryce, R, Albanese, E, Wimo, A, Ribeiro, W and Ferri, CP, 2013. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis.Alzheimer's Dementia,9(1), pp. 63-75. Urakami, K, 2016. [Prevention of dementia].Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine,74(3), pp. 395-398. Yanow, D and Schwartz-Shea, P, 2015.Interpretation and method: Empirical research methods and the interpretive turn. Routledge. Zabalegui, A, Hamers, JP, Karlsson, S, Leino-Kilpi, H, Renom-Guiteras, A, Saks, K, Soto, M, Sutcliffe, C and Cabrera, E, 2014. Best practices interventions to improve quality of care of people with dementia living at home.Patient education and counseling,95(2), pp.175-184

Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified Essay Example

Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? Essay Question 4 Basing your arguments on the decision of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 and the article by W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305, what is morally wrong with torture? Can it ever be morally justified? If so, when? If not, why not? Torture is not a popular practice amongst any developed society. To some, it is an extremely emotive word, the mere utterance of which brings to mind feelings of disgust and hatred towards those who might even think of employing torture, for whatever purpose. However, perhaps these people are too quick to dismiss torture without really thinking about it. For all that is wrong with torture, there may be justified uses for it. Though such a situation which gives rise to acceptable torture is an extreme rarity, it could be a mistake to simply prohibit the use of torture absolutely. One could regret such a decision when the time comes that torture is not just acceptable, but necessary, for a greater good. This will be considered in much greater depth later on in the essay. To give clarity to the argument, it shall be split into three sections followed by a conclusion. First it will be necessary to define the word ‘torture’. It is a notably broad term so some limits insofar as its use within this essay is concerned will be required. Secondly I will address the question of what is morally wrong with torture. It is hard to deny that nearly everything about torture is morally objectionable. However, as I will attempt to argue in the third part of the essay, there are times when torture could be morally justified. Some examples will be given to help illustrate these situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A short conclusion will follow. Throughout the essay, references will be made to the judgment of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71, W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining’s article ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305 as well as various other sources. Torture is a very ambiguous word. The term can be applied not only to situations where one is intentionally inflicting pain on another, but it can also be used to describe any form of severe pain no matter how it is caused. In order to limit confusion it is essential to narrow down what is meant by ‘torture’ in the context of this essay. Its definition varies from dictionary to dictionary but the general consensus is that is involves the infliction of severe mental or physical pain for reasons of retribution, gratification or coercion. At this stage I wish to point out that in no situation is torture for the purposes of retribution or gratification ever justifiable. Even in the case of the most prolific, horrendous offender, the exercise of torture would not be acceptable merely in pursuance of the ‘eye for an eye’ rationale, or for mere satisfaction. One need only look at human rights legislation and conventions around the world to understand how universal this view is. A distinction is necessary, therefore, between these sorts of torture and torture for the purpose of coercion. Jeremy Bentham defines torture in this sense as ‘where a person is made to suffer any violent pain of body in order to compel him to do something or desist from doing something which done or desisted from the penal application is immediately made to cease’[1]. This is the definition to bear in mind within this essay. Any form of torture which is to be acceptable for this purpose would have to be acute and temporary. If a torture ‘victim’ knows the pain of the torture will last well after its application, he has less of a compulsion to do what is required of him. Most of the controversy on torture lies around torture for coercion, as there are a number of advocates of torture to justify an end, such as Bentham himself, particularly where torture is blatantly the lesser of two evils. This theme shall be returned to once the moral arguments against torture have been considered. As Twining Twining point out in their article â€Å"Bentham on Torture†, ‘the right of the individual not to be subjected to torture seems one of the easiest [fundamental human rights] to argue for philosophically’. General opinions are so hostile towards torture that it has received considerably less consideration by academics and writers than other legal areas of debate. The biggest objection to torture is that it is so liable to abuse and that gradually it will become more acceptable to torture people for lesser crimes. As Lord Hope of Craighead said in A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (above) â€Å"Once torture has become acclimatised in a legal system it spreads like an infectious disease, hardening and brutalising those who have become accustomed to its use. † This is difficult to deny. Once one extreme case results in torture, less and less extreme cases will have similar consequences. Simultaneously torturers will be more willing to use more painful and cruel forms of torture as they become accustomed to inflicting pain. Due to the nature of torture, the suffering inflicted is not at all in proportion to the crime, but to the resolve of the victim. This could lead to a terribly disproportionate amount of pain being exerted onto the victim. This slippery slope argument is particularly common amongst anti-torture advocates because it is true in all walks of life, so an effective argument to the contrary is almost impossible to formulate. For example, just as once machine-gun warfare was considered atrocious, we have since moved on to nuclear warfare, with machine-gun battles seemingly more acceptable and tame in comparison. If we start torturing people for information regarding the whereabouts of bombs or other large-scale threats, how long until it becomes acceptable to torture people for trivial matters such as the names and whereabouts of convicts’ accomplices? Bentham seems to condone the use of torture in order to locate accomplices. While his arguments are noteworthy[2], any evidence obtained through torture regarding accomplices will be as uncertain as a confession obtained through torture, which is something Bentham paradoxically considers to be ‘of no use’. This links in with the second major objection to torture; that it often does not work. People will say anything to stop or prevent torture being asserted against them – lies, half-truths. Much information extracted through torture will take time to verify, and some information will not be verifiable at all (in the case of torture to change peoples’ religious and political views, how does the torturer know if the victim is genuine when he alleges to submit? ). Torturing for information regarding enemy forces has generally proved ineffective; especially because often those who fight are die-hards, and would rather be tortured to death than betray their cause. As Amnesty International put it; â€Å"Can we defeat insurrections, rebels and terrorism by resorting to torture and ill-treatment? The lesson of history is that we can’t. †[3] It is largely for these reasons (although other moral objections to torture are still very significant) that confessions acquired through orture are unreliable, and are now inadmissible in English courts. Lord Hoffman, as well as most of the other judges sitting in the House of Lords for A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, made this abundantly clear: â€Å"Those [tortuous] methods may be such that it would compromise the integrity of the judicial process, dishonour the administration of justice, if the proceedings were to be entertained or the evidence admitted †¦In my opinion the refore, there is a general rule that evidence obtained by torture is inadmissible in judicial proceedings. The judges, clearly very anxious to avoid ‘bring British justice into disrepute’[4], have the full support of Bentham, who correctly observes that if a judge (or jury) is satisfied of a man’s guilt without confession, there is no need to put him to torture to obtain such a confession. If not then that man should not be subjected to torture anyway. Another argument concerns not the victims of torture, but those who would carry it out against them. It is one consequence of torture which is not commonly considered, perhaps because it is difficult to conceive exactly of the effects that torturing other people might have on the torturer. The most effective accounts come from those who have been tortured. A number of sources detail the effects it can have on those who practice torture. In the Twining Twining article is a letter written by George Mangakis, a torture victim: ‘I have seen the torturer’s face at close quarters. It was in a worse condition than my own bleeding, livid face’. Merle L. Pribbenow of the CIA said, about Vietnamese torturers â€Å"if you talk to people who have been tortured, that gives you a pretty good idea not only as to what it does to them, but what it does to the people who do it. One of my main objections to torture is what it does to the guys who actually inflict the torture. It does bad things. † It is certainly a valid argument against torture. There are also some other arguments commonly proposed against torture worth mentioning. The brutal, degrading effects which often come with torture often live long past the infliction of the pain itself, no matter how little a mark it leaves physically. For this reason torture can be said to harm more than it propounds. The physical pain may cease upon compliance, but the mental scars remain, and many people will not feel the same ever again aving endured torture. Much of this comes down to the denial of humanity, and the loss of self-respect which is so often the case with torture. Also, any mistakes made as to the validity of the torture, the identity of the victim, or the ability of the victim to do what is required of him, cannot be undone. This argument is similar to the one put forward against capital pu nishment. There are very compelling arguments against the use of torture. It seems obvious to most that the exercise of acts of torture are well ‘beyond the pale’ in any civilised society. Having considered the objections to torture, all of which are sound and difficult to disagree with, I shall now attempt, with the aid of the writings of Jeremy Bentham and Twining Twining on torture, to present two scenarios where it could be morally condonable to implement the use of torture. I shall also seek to address each of the objections described above, and how in the appropriate situation such arguments against the use of torture seem less compelling. The most common challenge to someone who deals an absolute against torture is to present them with the ‘ticking bomb’ scenario, as described in the Twining Twining article[5]. A devastating explosive device has been placed somewhere in a major city with a timing mechanism attached. X is caught and believed to have information key to disarming the device. Assuming there are no reasonable alternatives, is it morally acceptable here to torture X for this information? One possible objection to the given example is that it is difficult to condone use of torture against someone who has not been proven to have committed a crime. At this point we return to the theme of choosing between two evils: the possibility of torturing an innocent person, and the destruction of a city, killing millions of people. There are a number of factors to be considered before deciding whether or not to employ torture: the potency of the threat, the likelihood of the victim’s guilt, the likelihood of resolving the threat having obtained the information. For example, if the torture victim is known to be guilty, and known to possess the information required, torture would seem much more justified. All this leads me to believe that it would be extremely difficult to condense into a general rule of when torture is acceptable. However, the ircumstances in which torture could be considered are so extreme and so rare that a general rule probably is not necessary. Another example is where an Air Force General, who has sole knowledge of a code to authorise and, once authorised, prevent a nuclear attack on another state, becomes insane and orders his planes to carry out a nuclear strike which would inevitably lead to a nuclear world war. Assuming the planes could not be shot down, the only option left to t hose who wished to stop the attack would be to get the code from the general. In this situation, the guilt is known (even if it is not a crime per se) and the result of not torturing could well be worldwide annihilation. It is hard not to see torture as justifiable in this situation. Both examples are extreme cases, and will hopefully never occur, but nevertheless; they are not impossible and as Twining Twining point out, they are very effective against those who assert that torture can never be justified[6]. At the centre of the current debate on torture is Alan Dershowitz, a prolific legal writer and Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. He argues that torture is sometimes morally acceptable, and that if it is to be used in a ‘ticking bomb’ scenario, it should be authorised legally rather than being carried out behind closed doors with the judiciary turning a blind eye. His first example in his article ‘Is There a Torturous Road to Justice? ’[7] is the typical time bomb scenario, where thousands of lives are at stake. His second is more thought-provoking, as there is only one life at risk (albeit a very young one). Specific situations like these are so rare that, as previously mentioned, a general rule is not necessary and indeed probably not possible. He goes on to suggest the use of ‘torture warrants’ being issued by judges to authorise the use of torture. There are merits to this idea – accountability and legitimacy, to name a couple, but would this be practical in the ticking bomb scenario? If torture was to be employed in the above situations, there would need to be some valid way of authorising it to prevent authorities exploiting any potential power they may have to torture. However, because the examples given are very urgent and require immediate action, the issuing of torture warrants would not be practical. By the time the warrant is issued, the bomb ould be ready to explode, the planes reaching their targets or the baby running out of oxygen. A situation which could require the use of torture would need to be so extreme, and of such urgency that approval would have to come from the highest authority: the Prime Minister. This is similar to the type of ‘One-off’ acts of torture reserved for extreme situations set out by Seumus Miller in his article ‘Is Torture Ever Morally Justifiable? ’[8]. Of course, further consideration into the detail of such an approval mechanism would be required, but generally that is what I believe would be necessary if torture had to be employed. Now that the situations in which torture could arise and be used have been described, it is important to consider the arguments against torture as previously explained, and rebut them. For the first point, that torture would gradually become more commonplace; the ‘ticking bomb’ situation is so rare that it is highly unlikely that any legal system would ever become acclimatised to torture. For the second, it is true that in any situation torture provides no guarantees, but to that it can be said that there are no alternatives. If torture does not make them talk, nothing will. For the third, that the people who torture would be adversely affected, in the ticking bomb scenario torturers would be instilled with the sense that they are doing the right thing and acting for a greater good. Fourthly, torture need not be degrading or involve any loss of self-respect. Pain and compulsion do not necessarily go hand-in-hand with degradation and with today’s technology there could be very effective torture methods which leave self-respect mostly intact. Lastly, mistakes should not be made in the ticking bomb situation. However it is this point which seems hardest to redress. In the first example of a ticking bomb, the authorities may not be so sure of the victim’s guilt. However, as stated before, if they have a strong suspicion that the use of torture could save many lives then that risk may have to be taken. The Prime Minister would be accountable for mistakes and so this acts as a check unto itself. Applying torture without very good reason to an innocent person would almost certainly amount to his resignation. In any case, even if torture is prohibited completely, this would probably just lead to the exertion of illegal torture when the ticking bomb scenario does arise. In my view, the possibility of implementing the use of torture cannot be ruled out absolutely. Although I can think of no general rule to be applied to all cases, there are extreme emergency situations in which the use of torture would seem morally justified. With the correct procedures and restraints, limiting its use to these extreme ticking bomb circumstances, it would be morally acceptable and justifiable to reserve the right to use torture. Word Count (inc. footnotes): 2,938 Bibliography A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 4 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305 â€Å"Is Torture Ever Morally Justifiable? † Seamus Miller, Australian National University, International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19:2 2005 pp. 179-192 â€Å"Is There a Tortuous Road to Justice? † Alan M. Dershowitz, Los Angeles Times November 8 2001 http://web. amnesty. org/pages/stoptorture-arguments-eng Bradley Ewing: â€Å"Constitutional and Administrative Law† 13th Ed. Pearson [1] Bentham Manuscripts, University College London, C: Of Torture [2] Twining and Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 4 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly p. 316-318 [3] http://web. amnesty. org/pages/stoptorture-arguments-eng#question15 [4] Per Lord Brown of Eton-Under-Heywood, para. 165, A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [5] No rthern Ireland Legal Quarterly Vol. 24 346-347 [6] For an idea of the proportion of people who consider torture never to be morally justified, see: http://lawofnations. blogspot. com/2005/12/international-survey-on-torture-and. html [7] http://groups. google. com/group/alt. impeach. bush/msg/814527884aa6c904 [8] International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19:2 2005 pp. 179-192 Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified Essay Example Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? Essay Question 4 Basing your arguments on the decision of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 and the article by W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305, what is morally wrong with torture? Can it ever be morally justified? If so, when? If not, why not? Torture is not a popular practice amongst any developed society. To some, it is an extremely emotive word, the mere utterance of which brings to mind feelings of disgust and hatred towards those who might even think of employing torture, for whatever purpose. However, perhaps these people are too quick to dismiss torture without really thinking about it. For all that is wrong with torture, there may be justified uses for it. Though such a situation which gives rise to acceptable torture is an extreme rarity, it could be a mistake to simply prohibit the use of torture absolutely. One could regret such a decision when the time comes that torture is not just acceptable, but necessary, for a greater good. This will be considered in much greater depth later on in the essay. To give clarity to the argument, it shall be split into three sections followed by a conclusion. First it will be necessary to define the word ‘torture’. It is a notably broad term so some limits insofar as its use within this essay is concerned will be required. Secondly I will address the question of what is morally wrong with torture. It is hard to deny that nearly everything about torture is morally objectionable. However, as I will attempt to argue in the third part of the essay, there are times when torture could be morally justified. Some examples will be given to help illustrate these situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A short conclusion will follow. Throughout the essay, references will be made to the judgment of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71, W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining’s article ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305 as well as various other sources. Torture is a very ambiguous word. The term can be applied not only to situations where one is intentionally inflicting pain on another, but it can also be used to describe any form of severe pain no matter how it is caused. In order to limit confusion it is essential to narrow down what is meant by ‘torture’ in the context of this essay. Its definition varies from dictionary to dictionary but the general consensus is that is involves the infliction of severe mental or physical pain for reasons of retribution, gratification or coercion. At this stage I wish to point out that in no situation is torture for the purposes of retribution or gratification ever justifiable. Even in the case of the most prolific, horrendous offender, the exercise of torture would not be acceptable merely in pursuance of the ‘eye for an eye’ rationale, or for mere satisfaction. One need only look at human rights legislation and conventions around the world to understand how universal this view is. A distinction is necessary, therefore, between these sorts of torture and torture for the purpose of coercion. Jeremy Bentham defines torture in this sense as ‘where a person is made to suffer any violent pain of body in order to compel him to do something or desist from doing something which done or desisted from the penal application is immediately made to cease’[1]. This is the definition to bear in mind within this essay. Any form of torture which is to be acceptable for this purpose would have to be acute and temporary. If a torture ‘victim’ knows the pain of the torture will last well after its application, he has less of a compulsion to do what is required of him. Most of the controversy on torture lies around torture for coercion, as there are a number of advocates of torture to justify an end, such as Bentham himself, particularly where torture is blatantly the lesser of two evils. This theme shall be returned to once the moral arguments against torture have been considered. As Twining Twining point out in their article â€Å"Bentham on Torture†, ‘the right of the individual not to be subjected to torture seems one of the easiest [fundamental human rights] to argue for philosophically’. General opinions are so hostile towards torture that it has received considerably less consideration by academics and writers than other legal areas of debate. The biggest objection to torture is that it is so liable to abuse and that gradually it will become more acceptable to torture people for lesser crimes. As Lord Hope of Craighead said in A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (above) â€Å"Once torture has become acclimatised in a legal system it spreads like an infectious disease, hardening and brutalising those who have become accustomed to its use. † This is difficult to deny. Once one extreme case results in torture, less and less extreme cases will have similar consequences. Simultaneously torturers will be more willing to use more painful and cruel forms of torture as they become accustomed to inflicting pain. Due to the nature of torture, the suffering inflicted is not at all in proportion to the crime, but to the resolve of the victim. This could lead to a terribly disproportionate amount of pain being exerted onto the victim. This slippery slope argument is particularly common amongst anti-torture advocates because it is true in all walks of life, so an effective argument to the contrary is almost impossible to formulate. For example, just as once machine-gun warfare was considered atrocious, we have since moved on to nuclear warfare, with machine-gun battles seemingly more acceptable and tame in comparison. If we start torturing people for information regarding the whereabouts of bombs or other large-scale threats, how long until it becomes acceptable to torture people for trivial matters such as the names and whereabouts of convicts’ accomplices? Bentham seems to condone the use of torture in order to locate accomplices. While his arguments are noteworthy[2], any evidence obtained through torture regarding accomplices will be as uncertain as a confession obtained through torture, which is something Bentham paradoxically considers to be ‘of no use’. This links in with the second major objection to torture; that it often does not work. People will say anything to stop or prevent torture being asserted against them – lies, half-truths. Much information extracted through torture will take time to verify, and some information will not be verifiable at all (in the case of torture to change peoples’ religious and political views, how does the torturer know if the victim is genuine when he alleges to submit? ). Torturing for information regarding enemy forces has generally proved ineffective; especially because often those who fight are die-hards, and would rather be tortured to death than betray their cause. As Amnesty International put it; â€Å"Can we defeat insurrections, rebels and terrorism by resorting to torture and ill-treatment? The lesson of history is that we can’t. †[3] It is largely for these reasons (although other moral objections to torture are still very significant) that confessions acquired through orture are unreliable, and are now inadmissible in English courts. Lord Hoffman, as well as most of the other judges sitting in the House of Lords for A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, made this abundantly clear: â€Å"Those [tortuous] methods may be such that it would compromise the integrity of the judicial process, dishonour the administration of justice, if the proceedings were to be entertained or the evidence admitted †¦In my opinion the refore, there is a general rule that evidence obtained by torture is inadmissible in judicial proceedings. The judges, clearly very anxious to avoid ‘bring British justice into disrepute’[4], have the full support of Bentham, who correctly observes that if a judge (or jury) is satisfied of a man’s guilt without confession, there is no need to put him to torture to obtain such a confession. If not then that man should not be subjected to torture anyway. Another argument concerns not the victims of torture, but those who would carry it out against them. It is one consequence of torture which is not commonly considered, perhaps because it is difficult to conceive exactly of the effects that torturing other people might have on the torturer. The most effective accounts come from those who have been tortured. A number of sources detail the effects it can have on those who practice torture. In the Twining Twining article is a letter written by George Mangakis, a torture victim: ‘I have seen the torturer’s face at close quarters. It was in a worse condition than my own bleeding, livid face’. Merle L. Pribbenow of the CIA said, about Vietnamese torturers â€Å"if you talk to people who have been tortured, that gives you a pretty good idea not only as to what it does to them, but what it does to the people who do it. One of my main objections to torture is what it does to the guys who actually inflict the torture. It does bad things. † It is certainly a valid argument against torture. There are also some other arguments commonly proposed against torture worth mentioning. The brutal, degrading effects which often come with torture often live long past the infliction of the pain itself, no matter how little a mark it leaves physically. For this reason torture can be said to harm more than it propounds. The physical pain may cease upon compliance, but the mental scars remain, and many people will not feel the same ever again aving endured torture. Much of this comes down to the denial of humanity, and the loss of self-respect which is so often the case with torture. Also, any mistakes made as to the validity of the torture, the identity of the victim, or the ability of the victim to do what is required of him, cannot be undone. This argument is similar to the one put forward against capital pu nishment. There are very compelling arguments against the use of torture. It seems obvious to most that the exercise of acts of torture are well ‘beyond the pale’ in any civilised society. Having considered the objections to torture, all of which are sound and difficult to disagree with, I shall now attempt, with the aid of the writings of Jeremy Bentham and Twining Twining on torture, to present two scenarios where it could be morally condonable to implement the use of torture. I shall also seek to address each of the objections described above, and how in the appropriate situation such arguments against the use of torture seem less compelling. The most common challenge to someone who deals an absolute against torture is to present them with the ‘ticking bomb’ scenario, as described in the Twining Twining article[5]. A devastating explosive device has been placed somewhere in a major city with a timing mechanism attached. X is caught and believed to have information key to disarming the device. Assuming there are no reasonable alternatives, is it morally acceptable here to torture X for this information? One possible objection to the given example is that it is difficult to condone use of torture against someone who has not been proven to have committed a crime. At this point we return to the theme of choosing between two evils: the possibility of torturing an innocent person, and the destruction of a city, killing millions of people. There are a number of factors to be considered before deciding whether or not to employ torture: the potency of the threat, the likelihood of the victim’s guilt, the likelihood of resolving the threat having obtained the information. For example, if the torture victim is known to be guilty, and known to possess the information required, torture would seem much more justified. All this leads me to believe that it would be extremely difficult to condense into a general rule of when torture is acceptable. However, the ircumstances in which torture could be considered are so extreme and so rare that a general rule probably is not necessary. Another example is where an Air Force General, who has sole knowledge of a code to authorise and, once authorised, prevent a nuclear attack on another state, becomes insane and orders his planes to carry out a nuclear strike which would inevitably lead to a nuclear world war. Assuming the planes could not be shot down, the only option left to t hose who wished to stop the attack would be to get the code from the general. In this situation, the guilt is known (even if it is not a crime per se) and the result of not torturing could well be worldwide annihilation. It is hard not to see torture as justifiable in this situation. Both examples are extreme cases, and will hopefully never occur, but nevertheless; they are not impossible and as Twining Twining point out, they are very effective against those who assert that torture can never be justified[6]. At the centre of the current debate on torture is Alan Dershowitz, a prolific legal writer and Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. He argues that torture is sometimes morally acceptable, and that if it is to be used in a ‘ticking bomb’ scenario, it should be authorised legally rather than being carried out behind closed doors with the judiciary turning a blind eye. His first example in his article ‘Is There a Torturous Road to Justice? ’[7] is the typical time bomb scenario, where thousands of lives are at stake. His second is more thought-provoking, as there is only one life at risk (albeit a very young one). Specific situations like these are so rare that, as previously mentioned, a general rule is not necessary and indeed probably not possible. He goes on to suggest the use of ‘torture warrants’ being issued by judges to authorise the use of torture. There are merits to this idea – accountability and legitimacy, to name a couple, but would this be practical in the ticking bomb scenario? If torture was to be employed in the above situations, there would need to be some valid way of authorising it to prevent authorities exploiting any potential power they may have to torture. However, because the examples given are very urgent and require immediate action, the issuing of torture warrants would not be practical. By the time the warrant is issued, the bomb ould be ready to explode, the planes reaching their targets or the baby running out of oxygen. A situation which could require the use of torture would need to be so extreme, and of such urgency that approval would have to come from the highest authority: the Prime Minister. This is similar to the type of ‘One-off’ acts of torture reserved for extreme situations set out by Seumus Miller in his article ‘Is Torture Ever Morally Justifiable? ’[8]. Of course, further consideration into the detail of such an approval mechanism would be required, but generally that is what I believe would be necessary if torture had to be employed. Now that the situations in which torture could arise and be used have been described, it is important to consider the arguments against torture as previously explained, and rebut them. For the first point, that torture would gradually become more commonplace; the ‘ticking bomb’ situation is so rare that it is highly unlikely that any legal system would ever become acclimatised to torture. For the second, it is true that in any situation torture provides no guarantees, but to that it can be said that there are no alternatives. If torture does not make them talk, nothing will. For the third, that the people who torture would be adversely affected, in the ticking bomb scenario torturers would be instilled with the sense that they are doing the right thing and acting for a greater good. Fourthly, torture need not be degrading or involve any loss of self-respect. Pain and compulsion do not necessarily go hand-in-hand with degradation and with today’s technology there could be very effective torture methods which leave self-respect mostly intact. Lastly, mistakes should not be made in the ticking bomb situation. However it is this point which seems hardest to redress. In the first example of a ticking bomb, the authorities may not be so sure of the victim’s guilt. However, as stated before, if they have a strong suspicion that the use of torture could save many lives then that risk may have to be taken. The Prime Minister would be accountable for mistakes and so this acts as a check unto itself. Applying torture without very good reason to an innocent person would almost certainly amount to his resignation. In any case, even if torture is prohibited completely, this would probably just lead to the exertion of illegal torture when the ticking bomb scenario does arise. In my view, the possibility of implementing the use of torture cannot be ruled out absolutely. Although I can think of no general rule to be applied to all cases, there are extreme emergency situations in which the use of torture would seem morally justified. With the correct procedures and restraints, limiting its use to these extreme ticking bomb circumstances, it would be morally acceptable and justifiable to reserve the right to use torture. Word Count (inc. footnotes): 2,938 Bibliography A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 4 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305 â€Å"Is Torture Ever Morally Justifiable? † Seamus Miller, Australian National University, International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19:2 2005 pp. 179-192 â€Å"Is There a Tortuous Road to Justice? † Alan M. Dershowitz, Los Angeles Times November 8 2001 http://web. amnesty. org/pages/stoptorture-arguments-eng Bradley Ewing: â€Å"Constitutional and Administrative Law† 13th Ed. Pearson [1] Bentham Manuscripts, University College London, C: Of Torture [2] Twining and Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 4 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly p. 316-318 [3] http://web. amnesty. org/pages/stoptorture-arguments-eng#question15 [4] Per Lord Brown of Eton-Under-Heywood, para. 165, A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [5] No rthern Ireland Legal Quarterly Vol. 24 346-347 [6] For an idea of the proportion of people who consider torture never to be morally justified, see: http://lawofnations. blogspot. com/2005/12/international-survey-on-torture-and. html [7] http://groups. google. com/group/alt. impeach. bush/msg/814527884aa6c904 [8] International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19:2 2005 pp. 179-192

1001 Vocabulary Spelling Questions Essay Example

1001 Vocabulary Spelling Questions Essay Example 1001 Vocabulary Spelling Questions Paper 1001 Vocabulary Spelling Questions Paper or word root; the meaning of that word; and a sentence that demonstrates the meaning of that word. Refer to this section often to refresh your memory and improve your vocabulary. FA M I L I A R I T Y W I T H C O M M O N A xi –P R E F I X E S , S U F F I X E S , A N D C O M M O N W O R D R O O T S – P r e f i xe s Pre? xes are syllables added to the beginning of words to change or add to their meaning. This table lists some of the most common pre? xes in the English language. They are grouped together by similar meanings. Pre? x uni unify (v) De? nition to form into a single unit, to unite Sentence The new leader was able to unite the three factions into one strong political party. monobiduotriquadritetraquintpentmultipolyomni- one two two three four four ? ve ? ve many many all monologue (n) bisect (v) duality (n) triangle (n) quadruped (n) tetralogy (n) quintuplets (n) pentameter (n) multifaceted (adj) polyglot (n) a long speech by one person or performer to divide into two equal parts having two sides or parts a ? gure having three angles an animal with four feet series of four related artistic works, such as plays, operas, novels, etc. ?ve offspring born at one time a line of verse (poetry) with ? e metrical feet having many sides one who speaks or understands several languages I was very moved by the monologue in Scene III. If you bisect a square, you will get two rectangles of equal size. The novel explores the duality of good and evil in humans. In an isosceles triangle, two of the three angles are the same size. Some quadrupeds evolved into bipeds. â€Å"Time Zone† was the fourth and ? nal work in Classman’s tetralogy. Each quintuplet weighed less than four pounds at birth. Most of Shakespeare’s sonnets are written in iambic pentameter. This is a multifaceted issue, and we must examine each side carefully. It’s no wonder he’s a polyglot; he’s lived in eight different countries. My teacher must be omniscient; she always knows when I’m not paying attention. omniscient (adj) knowing all micro De? nition or main room Sentence The panel of jurors waited in the antechamber before entering the court room. The appetizers preceded the main course. His postscript was almost as long as his letter! Romeo, trying to make peace, intervened in the ? ght between Tybalt and Mercutio. antechamber (n) a smaller room leading into a larger prepostinter- before after between recede (v) postscript (n) intervene (v) to come before in time or order message added after the close of a letter to come between interintraintro- together within into, within interact (v) to act upon or in? uence each other The psychologist took notes as she watched the children interact. She could not eat and had to be fed intravenously for three days. Unlike his ? amboyant sister, quiet Zeke was a real int rovert. She was inducted into the honor society. The rebels expelled the invaders. She carefully circumscribed the space that would become her of? ce. His attempt to subvert my authority will cost him his job. Alex accepted the promotion to supervisor and was comfortable with the duties and responsibilities of the of? ce. intravenous (adj) within or into a vein introvert (n) a person whose attention is largely directed inward, toward himself or herself; a shy or withdrawn person inexcircumsubsuper- in, into out, from around under above, over induct (v) expel (v) to bring in (to a group) to drive out or away the limits of circumscribe (v) to draw a line around; to mark subvert (v) supervisor (n) to bring about the destruction of, overthrow; to undermine one who watches over con- with, together consensus (n) general agreement After hours of debate, the group ? nally reached a consensus and selected a candidate. non antipode (n) counterproductive (adj) dispel (v) De? nition exact or direct opposite working against production to drive away; not having order Sentence North is the antipode of south. Complaining is counterproductive. To dispel rumors that I was quitting, I scheduled a series of meetings for the next three months. disorderly (adj) messy, untidy, uncontrolled or unruly Two people were hurt when the disorderly crowd took control of the protest. mismal broaden (v) De? nition to make more broad, widen Sentence Traveling around the world will broaden your understanding of other cultures. electrify (v) alphabetize (v) practical (adj) commercial (adj) De? nition to charge with electricity to put in alphabetical order suitable for use; involving activity as distinct from study or theory of or engaged in commerce Sentence The singer electri? ed the audience with her performance. Please alphabetize these ? les for me. He has years of practical, on-the-job experience. Commercial vehicles must have special license plates. Though he was never rich or powerful, he has very aristocratic manners. aristocratic (adj) of or pertaining to the aristocracy -ly resembling, having the qualities of tenderly (adv) done with tenderness; gently, delicately, lovingly He held the newborn baby tenderly in his arms. Despite his fear, he stepped boldly onto the stage. When Robert walked into the room with Annette, she cast a meaningful glance to me. ly -ful in the manner of full of boldly (adv) in a bold manner meaningful (adj) signi? cant, full of meaning -ous/-ose full of humorous (adj) full of humor, funny His humorous speech received laughter and applause from the audience. -ive having the quality of descriptive (adj) giving a description The letter was so descriptive that I could picture every place he had been . -less -ish lacking, free of having the quality of painless (adj) childish (adj) without pain, not causing pain like a child; unsuitable for a grown person The doctor assured me that it is a painless procedure. He didn’t get the job because of his childish behavior during the interview. He has a high level of tolerance for rudeness. The indeterminacy of his statement made it impossible to tell which side he favored. The second siren signaled the completion of the ? re drill. A ? rst arboretum (n) sanctuary (n) De? nition a garden devoted primarily to trees and shrubs a sacred place, refuge Sentence They built a deck with an arboretum for their bonsai tree collection. With three noisy roommates, Ellen frequently sought the quiet sanctuary of the library. -cide -ism ill quality, state or condition of; doctrine of pesticide (n) optimism (n) substance for killing insects belief that things will turn out for the best; tendency to take a hopeful view of things This pesticide is also dangerous for humans. Her optimism makes people want to be around her. He argued that the basic morality of civilized societies hasn’t changed much over the centuries. -ity quality or state of morality ( n) state or quality of being moral -itis in? ammation tonsillitis (n) of in? ammation and infection of the tonsils Her tonsillitis was so severe that doctors had to remove her tonsils immediately. He exercised good judgment during the meeting and did not challenge his supervisor. Because of her strong interest in zoology, she took an unpaid summer job at the zoo. amorous (adj) De? nition readily showing or feeling love Sentence She told him to stop his amorous advances as she was already engaged. audire bellum to hear war audience (n) assembled group of listeners or spectators; people within hearing The audience listened intently to the riveting speaker. In American history, antebellum refers to the period before the Civil War. antebellum (adj) before the war xvi –P R E F I X E S , S U F F I X E S , A N D C O M M O N W O R D R O O T S – Root capere Meaning to take Example captivate (v) De? nition to capture the fancy of Sentence The story captivated me from the beginning; I couldn’t put the book down. dicere duco equus facere lucere manus to say, speak dictate (v) to lead equal to make or do to light hand lucid (adj) manicure (n) conduct (v) equilibrium (n) manufacture (v) to state or order; to say what needs to be written down to lead or guide (thorough) a state of balance to make or produce very clear cosmetic treatment of the ? ngernails She began to dictate her notes into the microphone. He conducted a detailed tour of the building. I have ? nally achieved equilibrium between work and leisure. The clothes are manufactured here in this factory. No one could possibly have misunderstood such a lucid explanation. A manicure is not only important hygiene, but clean and neat nails also tell a great deal about a person. medius middle median (n) middle point; middle in a set of numbers The median household income in this wealthy neighborhood is $89,000. The message was transmitted over the intercom. That top-40 song is omnipresent; everywhere I go, I hear it playing. His loan application was denied because of his poor credit history. Although he is only 22, he holds a very powerful position in the company. mittere omnis plicare ponere/ positum protare quarere scribere to send all, every to fold to place transmit (v) omnipresent (adj) application (n) position (n) to send across present everywhere putting one thing on another; making a formal request the place a person or thing occupies to carry to ask, question to write transport (v) inquiry (n) scribe (n) to carry across act of inquiry, investigation, or questioning person who makes copies of writings The goods will be transported by boat. The inquiry lasted several months but yielded no new information. The scribe had developed thick calluses on his ? ngers from years of writing. After reading the collection of letters, it was easy to tell the sentiments of the writer. sentire to feel sentiment (n) personal experience; one’s own feeling xvii –P R E F I X E S , S U F F I X E S , A N D C O M M O N W O R D R O O T S – Root specere Meaning to look at Example spectacle (n) De? nition striking or impressive sight Sentence The debate was quite a spectacle; the candidates made accusations about each other that were unexpected and slightly unprofessional. spirare tendere to breathe to stretch respiration (n) extend (v) he act of breathing to make longer, stretch out His respiration was steady, but he remained unconscious. Please extend the deadline by two weeks so we can complete the project properly. verbum word verbatim (adj) word for word The student failed because she had copied an article verbatim instead of writing her own essay. C o m m o n G r e e k Wo r d R o o t s Many English words have their origins in the ancient Greek language. The table below shows the Greek words that have been used to create various English words. The Greek words serve as roots, providing the core meaning of the words. Pre? xes, suf? xes, and other alterations give each word its distinct meaning. The word roots are listed in alphabetical order. Root bios chronos Meaning life time Example biology (n) chronological (adj) De? nition the science of living organisms arranged in the order in which things occurred branch of medical science dealing with the skin and its diseases Sentence He is majoring in biology and plans to go to medical school. The story is confusing because she did not put the events in chronological order. She has decided to study dermatology because she wants to ? nd a cure for skin cancer. Polygamy is illegal in the United States. The recent genocide in Bosnia has created a crisis in orphaned children. The geography of this region made it dif? cult for the different tribes to interact. She used calligraphy to address her wedding invitations. derma skin dermatology (n) gamos marriage, union polygamy (n) the practice or custom of having more than one spouse or mate at a time genos geo race, sex, kind earth genocide (n) geography (n) the deliberate extermination of one race of people the study of the Earth’s surface; the surface or topographical features of a place graphein to write calligraphy (n) eautiful or elegant handwriting xviii –P R E F I X E S , S U F F I X E S , A N D C O M M O N W O R D R O O T S – Root krates Meaning member of a group Example democrat (n) De? nition one who believes in or advocates democracy as a principle of government concealing meaning, puzzling Sentence I have always been a democrat, but I refuse to join the Democratic Party. He left such a cryptic message on my answering machine that I don’t know what he wanted. kryptos hidden, secret cryptic (adj) metron to measure metronome (n) device with a pendulum that beats at a determined rate to measure time/rhythm She used a metronome to help her keep the proper pace as she played the song. Most mythologies have a polymorphous ? gure, a â€Å"shape shifter† who can be both animal and human. morphe form polymorphous (adj) having many forms pathos philos phobos photos podos psuedein pyr suffering, feeling loving fear light foot to deceive ? re pathetic (adj) xenophile (n) xenophobe (n) arousing feelings of pity or sadness a person who is attracted to foreign peoples, cultures, or customs or strange cultures or customs Willy Loman is a complex character who is both pathetic and heroic. Alex is a xenophile; I doubt he’ll ever come back to the States. e’s a xenophobe. Plants are photobiotic and will die without light. toenail had become infected. George Eliot is a pseudonym for Mary Ann Evans. The warehouse ? re was not an accident; it was set by a pyromaniac. In a psychosomatic illness, physical symptoms are caused by emotional distress. person who fears or hates foreigners Do n’t expect Len to go on the trip; photobiotic (adj) living or thriving only in the presence of light podiatrist (n) pseudonym (n) pyromaniac (n) of ailments of the human foot false name one who has a compulsion to set things on ? re an expert in diagnosis and treatment The podiatrist saw that the ingrown oma body psychosomatic (adj) of or involving both the mind and body tele distant telescope (n) optical instrument for making distant While Galileo did not invent the objects appear larger and nearer when viewed through the lens telescope, he was the ? rst to use it to study the planets and stars. The thermos kept my coffee hot all afternoon. therme heat thermos (n) insulated jug or bottle that keeps liquids hot or cold xix 1001 VOCABULARY SPELLING QUESTIONS S E C T I O N 1 T Synonyms, Antonyms, Verbal Classi? cation, and Analogies of ? ve chapters of different types of vocabulary questions. Questions vary from ? nding similar words to ? nding dissimilar words, from identifying analogies, to identifying the three words that are similar within a group of four words. Most standardized tests use synonym and antonym questions to test verbal skills. The ? rst chapter in this section is on synonyms. A synonym is a word that means the same or nearly the same as another word. You will be asked to ? nd synonyms, or choose the word that has the same or nearly the same meaning. In Chapter 2, you will identify antonyms, or words that are most nearly the opposite of the word in italics. The questions in Chapter 3 ask you to identify the word that is most similar or dissimilar to another word, effectively testing your knowledge of two words. Chapter 4 tests your ability to identify groups of word as similar to one another. You do this by ? nding the word in the list of four that does not belong with the other three words. Finally, in Chapter 5 you are asked to identify word analogies. Analogies are comparisons. To answer an analogy question, look for a relationship between the ? rst set of words. Then, look for a similar relationship in the second set of words. Choose the answer that best completes the comparison. HIS SECTION CONSISTS 1 C H A P T E R 1 Synonyms Choose the synonym for each of the words in italics. 1. Which word means the same as erroneous? a. digressive b. confused c. impenetrable d. incorrect 2. Which word means the same as grotesque? a. extreme b. frenzied c. hideous d. typical 3. Which word means the same as garbled? a. lucid b. unintelligible c. devoured d. outrageous 4. Which word means the same as expose? a. relate b. develop c. reveal d. pretend 3 –S Y N O N Y M S – 5. Which word means the same as coerce? a. force b. permit c. waste d. deny 6. Which word means the same as abrupt? a. interrupt b. sudden c. xtended d. corrupt 7. Which word means the same as apathy? a. hostility b. depression c. indifference d. concern 8. Which word means the same as despair? a. mourning b. disregard c. hopelessness d. loneliness 9. Which word means the same as contemptuous? a. respectful b. unique c. scornful d. insecure 10. Which word means the same as tote? a. acquire b. ca rry c. tremble d. abandon 11. Which word means the same as distinct? a. satis? ed b. imprecise c. uneasy d. separate 12. Which word means the same as ? agrant? a. secret b. worthless c. noble d. glaring 13. Which word means the same as oration? a. nuisance b. ndependence c. address d. length 14. Which word means the same as libel? a. description b. praise c. destiny d. slander 15. Which word means the same as philanthropy? a. sel? shness b. fascination c. disrespect d. charity 16. Which word means the same as proximity? a. distance b. agreement c. nearness d. intelligence 4 –S Y N O N Y M S – 17. Which word means the same as negligible? a. insigni? cant b. delicate c. meaningful d. illegible 18. Which word means the same as vigilant? a. nonchalant b. watchful c. righteous d. strenuous 19. Which word means the same as astute? a. perceptive b. inattentive c. stubborn d. legant 20. Which word means the same as collaborate? a. cooperate b. convince c. entice d. elaborate 2 1. Which word means the same as insipid? a. overbearing b. tasteless c. exhilarating d. elaborate For each of the following words, choose the word that has the same or nearly the same meaning. 22. navigate a. search b. decide c. steer d. assist 23. tailor a. measure b. construct c. launder d. alter 24. yield a. merge b. relinquish c. destroy d. hinder 25. eternal a. timeless b. heavenly c. loving d. wealthy 26. stow a. pack b. curtsy c. fool d. trample 27. intimate a. frightening b. curious c. private d. characteristic 28. onsider a. promote b. require c. adjust d. ponder 5 –S Y N O N Y M S – 29. humidify a. moisten b. warm c. gather d. spray 30. arouse a. inform b. abuse c. waken d. deceive 31. harass a. trick b. confuse c. betray d. pester 32. forti? ed a. reinforced b. distorted c. disputed d. developed 33. delegate a. analyze b. respect c. criticize d. assign 34. accountable a. applauded b. compensated c. responsible d. approached 35. philosophy a. bias b. principl es c. evidence d. process 36. custom a. purpose b. habit c. buyer d. role 37. harbor a. halter b. statement c. refuge d. garment 38. muse a. tune b. ponder c. encourage d. ead 39. vessel a. container b. furniture c. garment d. branch 40. dispute a. debate b. release c. divide d. redeem 6 –S Y N O N Y M S – 41. site a. location b. formation c. speech d. view 42. compensate a. help b. challenge c. defeat d. pay 43. journal a. trip b. receipt c. diary d. list 44. opportunity a. sensitivity b. arrogance c. chance d. reference 45. invent a. insert b. discover c. apply d. allow 46. sphere a. air b. spread c. globe d. enclosure 47. re? ne a. condone b. provide c. change d. purify 48. pledge a. picture b. idea c. quote d. promise 49. gangly a. illegally b. closely c. ugly d. lanky 50. sage a. ise b. obnoxious c. conceited d. heartless 51. dormant a. hidden b. slumbering c. rigid d. misplaced 52. banish a. exile b. decorate c. succumb d. encourage 7 –S Y N O N Y M S â₠¬â€œ 53. croon a. swim b. sing c. stroke d. yell 54. hostel a. turnstile b. cot c. trek d. inn 55. mesa a. brain b. plateau c. wagon d. dwelling 56. ado a. idiom b. punishment c. cost d. fuss 57. obscure a. concealed b. obvious c. reckless d. subjective 58. malicious a. spiteful b. changeable c. murderous d. dangerous 59. obsolete a. current b. dedicated c. unnecessary d. outmoded 60. expansive a. talkative b. relaxed c. humorous d. grateful 61. elinquish a. abandon b. report c. commence d. abide 62. submissive a. raucous b. obedient c. virtuous d. sel? sh 63. ponderous a. heavy b. thoughtful c. hearty d. generous 64. stoical a. impassive b. loud c. curious d. intense 8 –S Y N O N Y M S – 65. haggard a. handsome b. honest c. gaunt d. intense 66. enigma a. laughter b. mystery c. enclosure d. shadow 67. jocular a. lenient b. strict c. powerful d. jolly 68. rebuke a. scold b. deny c. distract d. protect 69. renown a. attitude b. fame c. health d. strength 70. robust a. ea ger b. rough c. old-fashioned d. vigorous 71. mundane a. proper b. ordinary c. greedy d. urky 72. remiss a. recent b. false c. negligent d. broken 73. imminent a. sturdy b. actual c. soon d. later 74. inordinate a. excessive b. exclusive c. purpose d. hesitant 75. disheveled a. rumpled b. divorced c. marked d. dedicated 76. disillusioned a. disadvantageous b. distracted c. disenchanted d. disarming 9 –S Y N O N Y M S – 77. query a. inspect b. quote c. succeed d. inquire 78. clemency a. competency b. certainty c. destiny d. mercy 10 C H A P T E R 2 Antonyms Choose the antonym for each of the words in italics. 79. Which word is the opposite of alert? a. attentive b. inattentive c. careful d. trivial 80. Which word is the opposite of cautious? a. considerate b. noble c. proper d. reckless 81. Which word means the opposite of shameful? a. honorable b. animated c. ?ckle d. modest 82. Which word means the opposite of vague? a. hazy b. skilled c. de? nite d. tender 11 –A N T O N Y M S – 83. Which word means the opposite of vulnerable? a. frantic b. feeble c. secure d. complicated 84. Which word means the opposite of distress? a. comfort b. reward c. trouble d. compromise 85. Which word means the opposite of unity? a. discord b. stimulation c. consent d. neglect 86. Which word means the opposite of clarify? a. explain b. dismay c. bscure d. provide 87. Which word means the opposite of grant? a. deny b. consume c. allocate d. provoke 88. Which word means the opposite of impartial? a. complete b. prejudiced c. unbiased d. erudite 89. Which word means the opposite of prompt? a. punctual b. slack c. tardy d. regular 90. Which word is the opposite of delay? a. slow b. hasten c. p ause d. desist 91. Which word is the opposite of soothe? a. increase b. comfort c. aggravate d. delight 92. Which word means the opposite of moderate? a. original b. average c. ?nal d. excessive 93. Which word means the opposite of reveal? a. disclose b. achieve c. retreat d. onceal 94. Which word means the opposite of initial? a. ?rst b. crisis c. ?nal d. right 12 –A N T O N Y M S – 95. Which word means the opposite of brittle? a. ?exible b. breakable c. grating d. thin 96. Which word means the opposite of capable? a. unskilled b. absurd c. apt d. able 97. Which word means the opposite of stray? a. remain b. inhabit c. wander d. incline 98. Which word is the opposite of dainty? a. delicate b. coarse c. harsh d. delicious 99. Which word means the opposite of craving? a. desire b. repudiation c. motive d. revulsion 100. Which word means the opposite of ferocious? a. docile b. savage c. explosive d. oble 101. Which word means the opposite of grueling? a. effortless b. ca sual c. exhausting d. empty 102. Which word means the opposite of forsake? a. admit b. abandon c. submit d. cherish 103. Which word is the opposite of restrain? a. control b. liberate c. maintain d. distract 104. Which word is the opposite of bleak? a. desperate b. dreary c. bright d. fond 105. Which word is the opposite of unruly? a. controllable b. disorderly c. honest d. covered 106. Which word is the opposite of solidarity? a. union b. disunity c. laxity d. rigidity 13 –A N T O N Y M S – 107. Which word is the opposite of retract? a. assert b. ithdraw c. impugn d. follow 108. Which word is the opposite of concise? a. generous b. lengthy c. loose d. brief 109. Which word is the opposite of omit? a. eliminate b. perform c. depart d. include 110. Which word means the opposite of prohibit? a. surrender b. permit c. involve d. embrace 111. Which word means the opposite of disclose? a. succeed b. conceal c. restrain d. possess 112. Which word means the opposite of sti? e ? a. encourage b. familiarize c. deny d. overcome 113. Which word means the opposite of belittle? a. arrange b. compliment c. criticize d. presume 114. Which word means the opposite of aimless? a. nactive b. faithful c. purposeful d. impartial 115. Which word means the opposite of detest? a. prohibit b. hate c. examine d. admire 116. Which word means the opposite of valiant? a. instinctive b. cowardly c. cynical d. worthy 117. Which word means the opposite of lenient? a. capable b. impractical c. merciful d. domineering 118. Which word means the opposite of tarnish? a. absorb b. endure c. shine d. sully 14 –A N T O N Y M S – 119. Which word means the opposite of mandatory? a. apparent b. equal c. optional d. required 120. Which word means the opposite of chagrin? a. conviction b. irritation c. pleasure d. humanity 121. Which word means the opposite of commence? a. initiate b. adapt c. harass d. terminate 122. Which word means the opposite of conscientious? a. careless b. apologetic c. diligent d. boisterous 123. Which word means the opposite of de? cient? a. necessary b. adequate c. ?awed d. simple 124. Which word means the opposite of lucid? a. ordinary b. turbulent c. implausible d. vague 125. Which word means the opposite of judicious? a. partial b. litigious c. imprudent d. unrestrained 126. Which word means the opposite of dissonance? a. harmony b. carefulness c. speci? city d. value 127. Which word means the opposite of erudite? a. neducated b. polite c. unknown d. agitated For each of the following words, choose the word that means the opposite or most nearly the opposite. 128. harmony a. noise b. brevity c. safety d. discord 129. insult a. compliment b. contempt c. argument d. attitude 15 –A N T O N Y M S – 130. general a. speci? c b. total c. insigni? cant d. substantial 131. imaginary a. sober b. ordinary c. unrealistic d. factual 132. demolish a. attend b. consider c. create d. sti? e 133. absorb a. acquire b. repel c. consume d. assist 134. critical a. inimical b. judgmental c. massive d. trivial 135. infantile a. despicable b. adolescent c. mature d. erpetual 136. retain a. withhold b. release c. succumb d. incise 137. impulsive a. secure b. mandatory c. rash d. cautious 138. competent a. incomplete b. intense c. inept d. massive 139. promote a. explicate b. downgrade c. concede d. retain 140. requirement a. plan b. consequence c. option d. accident 141. irritate a. soothe b. drain c. resist d. solve 16 –A N T O N Y M S – 142. punctual a. random b. smooth c. intermittent d. tardy 143. virtue a. reality b. fact c. vice d. amateur 144. fortunate a. excluded b. hapless c. hardworking d. lucky 145. notable a. oral b. graceful c. legal d. ordinary 146. prim a. outrageous b. ast c. ugly d. cantankerous 147. prosperous a. af? uent b. destitut e c. cowardly d. receptive 148. nimble a. sturdy b. sluggish c. thoughtless d. relaxed 149. tranquil a. agitated b. explicit c. sluggish d. composed 150. sprightly a. eager b. lofty c. dull d. local 151. amiable a. dangerous b. permissive c. aloof d. congenial 152. prudent a. rash b. licentious c. libertine d. demonstrative 153. scant a. pellucid b. meager c. copious d. vocal 17 –A N T O N Y M S – 154. steadfast a. envious b. ?ckle c. improvident d. sluggish 155. stringent a. obese b. lax c. obtuse d. ?uid 18 C H A P T E R 3 156. Rational is most similar to a. eliberate. b. invalid. c. prompt. d. sound. 157. Attribute is most similar to a. quality. b. penalty. c. speech. d. admission. Synonyms and Antonyms Read each question carefully and select the word that is most similar or most dissimilar in meaning to the word provided. 158. Subdue is most similar to a. conquer. b. complain. c. deny. d. respect. 159. Animated is most similar to a. abbreviated. b. civil. c. secret . d. lively. 19 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 160. Awe is most dissimilar to a. contempt. b. reverence. c. valor. d. distortion. 161. Intricate is most similar to a. delicate. b. costly. c. prim. d. omplex. 162. Skeptic is most dissimilar to a. innovator. b. friend. c. politician. d. believer. 163. Hypothetical is most dissimilar to a. uncritical. b. actual. c. speci? c. d. imaginary. 164. Enhance is most dissimilar to a. diminish. b. improve. c. digress. d. deprive. 165. Manipulate is most similar to a. simplify. b. deplete. c. nurture. d. handle. 166. Subjective is most dissimilar to a. invective. b. objectionable. c. unbiased. d. obedient. 167. Succinct is most dissimilar to a. distinct. b. laconic. c. feeble. d. verbose. 168. Enthusiastic is most similar to a. adamant. b. available. c. cheerful. d. eager. 169. Adequate is most similar to a. suf? cient. b. mediocre. c. pro? cient. d. average. 170. Uniform is most dissimilar to a. dissembling. b. diverse. c. bizarre. d. slovenly. 171. Ecstatic is most similar to a. inconsistent. b. positive. c. wild. d. thrilled. 20 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 172. Affect is most similar to a. accomplish. b. cause. c. sicken. d. in? uence. 173. Wary is most dissimilar to a. alert. b. leery. c. worried. d. careless. 174. Novel is most dissimilar to a. dangerous. b. unsettled. c. suitable. d. old. 175. Continuous is most similar to a. intermittent. b. adjacent. c. uninterrupted. d. contiguous. 76. Courtesy is most similar to a. civility. b. congruity. c. conviviality. d. rudeness. 177. Fallacy is most dissimilar to a. truth. b. blessing. c. weakness. d. fable. 178. Frail is most similar to a. vivid. b. delicate. c. robust. d. adaptable. 179. Recuperate is most similar to a. recover. b. endorse. c. persist. d. worsen. 180. Subsequent is most dissimilar to a. necessary. b. insigni? cant. c. primary. d. previous. 181. Nonchalant is most dissimilar to a. intelligent. b. popular. c. concerned. d. reckless. 182. Hoax is most similar to a. logic. b. crusade. c. embargo. d. ruse. 183. Composure is most similar to a. agitation. . poise. c. liveliness. d. stimulation. 21 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 184. Excise is most dissimilar to a. sleep. b. retain. c. organize. d. staple. 185. Disperse is most dissimilar to a. gather. b. agree. c. praise. d. satisfy. 186. Eccentric is most similar to a. normal. b. frugal. c. peculiar. d. selective. 187. Commendable is most similar to a. admirable. b. accountable. c. irresponsible. d. noticeable. 188. Domain is most similar to a. entrance. b. rebellion. c. formation. d. territory. 189. Passive is most similar to a. inactive. b. emotional. c. lively. d. woeful. 190. Liberate is most dissimilar to a. onserve. b. restrain. c. attack. d. ruin. 191. Faltering is most dissimilar to a. steady. b. adoring. c. explanatory. d. reluctant. 192. Vast is most similar to a. attentive. b. immense. c. steady. d. slight. 193. Comply is most similar to a. subdue. b. entertain. c. ?atter. d. obey. 194. Optimum is most dissimilar to a. mediocre. b. victorious. c. worst. d. rational. 195. Enlighten is most similar to a. relocate. b. confuse. c. comply. d. teach. 22 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 196. Tedious is most dissimilar to a. stimulating. b. alarming. c. intemperate. d. tranquil. 197. Exonerate is most dissimilar to a. inimize. b. respect. c. irritate. d. blame. 198. Ephemeral is most dissimilar to a. internal. b. enduring. c. temporary. d. hidden. 199. Predecessor is most dissimilar to a. successor. b. antecedent. c. descendant. d. ancestor. 200. Refrain is most similar to a. desist. b. secure. c. glimpse. d. persevere. 201. Affable is most dissimilar to a. disagreeable. b. hollow. c. simple. d. eager. 202. Rigorous is most s imilar to a. demanding. b. tolerable. c. lenient. d. disorderly. 203. Orient is most dissimilar to a. confuse. b. arouse. c. deter. d. simplify. 204. Levitate is most dissimilar to a. plod. b. undulate. c. whisper. d. ink. 205. Oblivious is most similar to a. visible. b. sinister. c. conscious. d. unaware. 206. Verify is most similar to a. disclose. b. con? rm. c. refute. d. unite. 207. Pacify is most dissimilar to a. complicate. b. dismiss. c. excite. d. atomize. 23 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 208. Plausible is most dissimilar to a. insuf? cient. b. apologetic. c. unbelievable. d. credible. 209. Idle is most similar to a. working. b. effective. c. immobile. d. functional. 210. Avid is most dissimilar to a. partial. b. unenthusiastic. c. equal. d. unkind. 211. Meek is most dissimilar to a. mild. b. painful. c. forceful. d. olite. 212. Complacent is most dissimilar to a. concerned. b. pleasant. c. happy. d. convinced. 213. Ambiguous is most dissimilar to a. apathetic. b. certain. c. equivocal. d. inde? nite. 214. Confer is most similar to a. con? de. b. consult. c. refuse. d. promise. 215. Repast is most similar to a. meal. b. debt. c. book. d. goal. 216. Esteem is most dissimilar to a. disrespect. b. disregard. c. dissent. d. disabuse. 217. Eloquent is most dissimilar to a. shabby. b. ?uent. c. inarticulate. d. plain. 218. Apathetic is most similar to a. pitiable. b. indifferent. c. suspicious. d. evasive. 219. Deterrent is most dissimilar to a. ncouragement. b. obstacle. c. proponent. d. discomfort. 24 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 220. Impertinent is most dissimilar to a. animated. b. rude. c. relentless. d. polite. 221. Augment is most similar to a. repeal. b. evaluate. c. increase. d. criticize. 222. Ludicrous is most dissimilar to a. absurd. b. somber. c. reasonable. d. charitable. 223. Archaic is most dissimilar to a. tangible. b. modern. c. ancient. d. haunted. 224. Incredulous is most similar to a. fe arful. b. outraged. c. inconsolable. d. disbelieving. 225. Vindictive is most similar to a. outrageous. b. insulting. c. spiteful. d. offensive. 226. Sullen is most dissimilar to a. morose. b. impetuous. c. provocative. d. jovial. 227. Menial is most similar to a. lowly. b. boring. c. dangerous. d. rewarding. 228. Panacea is most similar to a. cure. b. result. c. cause. d. necessity. 229. Taut is most dissimilar to a. neutral. b. relaxed. c. rigid. d. vague. 230. Rile is most dissimilar to a. appease. b. prosper. c. oppress. d. irk. 231. Glib is most similar to a. angry. b. insulting. c. dishonest. d. insincere. 25 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 232. Mar is most dissimilar to a. delineate. b. bolster. c. clarify. d. repair. 233. Cognizant is most similar to a. conscious. . educated. c. mysti? ed. d. confused. 234. Mediate is most similar to a. ponder. b. interfere. c. reconcile. d. dissolve. 235. Concurrent is most similar to a. incidental. b. simultaneous. c. apprehensive. d. substantial. 236. Induce is most similar to a. prompt. b. withdraw. c. presume. d. represent. 237. Intrepid is most dissimilar to a. belligerent. b. consistent. c. chivalrous. d. fearful. 238. Saturate is most similar to a. deprive. b. construe. c. soak. d. verify. 239. Methodical is most dissimilar to a. erratic. b. deliberate. c. hostile. d. deformed. 240. Latent is most dissimilar to a. slow. b. tardy. c. dormant. d. ctive. 241. Proscribe is most similar to a. measure. b. recommend. c. detect. d. forbid. 242. Prevarication is most dissimilar to a. accolade. b. veracity. c. deprecation. d. mendacity. 243. Mirth is most dissimilar to a. pallor. b. solemnity. c. penury. d. lethargy. 26 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 244. Surreptitious is most similar to a. expressive. b. secretive. c. emotional. d. artistic. 245. Trepidation is most dissimilar to a. distribution. b. agitation. c. fearlessness. d. uniformity. 27 C H A P T E R 4 246. a. con? rmed b. tentative c. de? nite d. conclusive 247. a. implied b. distinct c. explicit d. forthright Verbal Classi? cation For the following questions, choose the word that does not belong with the others. 248. a. premeditated b. rehearsed c. spontaneous d. calculated 249. a. rampant b. restrained c. widespread d. pervasive 250. a. ?exible b. rigid c. supple d. limber 29 –V E R B A L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N – 251. a. subdue b. crush c. suppress d. provoke 252. a. comprise b. compose c. exclude d. constitute 253. a. in? nitesimal b. in? nite c. immense d. vast 254. a. heroism b. incompetence c. prowess d. mastery 255. a. rasping b. grating c. abrasive d. polished 256. a. comely b. deformed c. grotesque d. repulsive 257. a. eceptive b. intolerant c. compassionate d. amenable 258. a. sloppy b. disheveled c. orderly d. unkempt 259. a. word for word b. exact c. verbatim d. paraphrased 260. a. recklessly b. carefully c. warily d. prudently 261. a. destitute b. poverty-stricken c. af? uent d. impoverished 262. a. dour b. inviting c. welcoming d. cheery 263. a. clumsy b. n imble c. all thumbs d. maladroit 264. a. compliment b. ridicule c. deride d. gibe 265. a. deprived b. bereft c. replete d. bereaved 266. a. resolve b. fortitude c. mettle d. timidity 30 –V E R B A L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N – 267. a. submissive b. obedient c. acquiescent d. of? cious 268. . pro? cient b. inept c. deft d. adroit 269. a. felicitous b. inopportune c. inappropriate d. ill-timed 270. a. vex b. aggravate c. mollify d. agitate 271. a. stately b. abject c. lowly d. humble 272. a. mercenary b. venal c. honest d. corruptible 273. a. pinnacle b. perigee c. summit d. acme 274. a. demur b. concur c. consent d. accede 275. a. replica b. permutation c. facsimile d. reproduction 276. a. pernicious b. toxic c. innocuous d. virulent 277. a. stentorian b. booming c. thundering d. tranquil 278. a. permissive b. lenient c. indulgent d. implacable 279. a. bedlam b. pandemonium c. repose d. tumult 280. a. stimulating b. omnolent c. sopori? c d. hypnotic 281. a. impassione d b. vehement c. emphatic d. apathetic 282. a. savory b. distasteful c. piquant d. aromatic 31 –V E R B A L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N – 283. a. dissent b. sanction c. concur d. assent 284. a. devout b. fervent c. zealous d. dispirited 32 C H A P T E R 5 Analogies Many kinds of academic and work-related tests include analogies. Analogies are comparisons. To answer an analogy question, look for a relationship between the ? rst set of words. Then, look for a similar relationship in the second set of words. For the following questions, choose the answer that best completes the comparison. 85. polite : gracious :: cordial : ________ a. courteous b. con? dent c. comfortable d. bold 286. embarrassed : humiliated :: frightened : ________ a. courageous b. agitated c. terri? ed d. reckless 287. scarcely : mostly :: quietly : ________ a. secretly b. rudely c. loudly d. silently 288. candid : indirect :: honest : ________ a. frank b. wicked c. truthful d. devious 33 –A N A L O G I E S – 289. control : dominate :: magnify : ________ a. enlarge b. preserve c. decrease d. divide 290. exactly : precisely :: evidently : ________ a. positively b. apparently c. narrowly d. unquestionably 291. meaningful : insigni? ant :: essential : ________ a. basic b. important c. unremarkable d. unnecessary 292. simple : complex :: trivial : ________ a. inconspicuous b. signi? cant c. permanent d. irrelevant 293. neophyte : novice :: pursuit : ________ a. passion b. restraint c. quest d. speed 294. regard : esteem :: ambivalence : ________ a. uncertainty b. withdrawal c. resemblance d. injustice 295. elated : despondent :: enlightened : ________ a. aware b. tolerant c. miserable d. ignorant 296. divulge : conceal :: conform : ________ a. construe b. differ c. retain d. offer 297. restrain : curb :: recant : ________ a. foretell b. retract c. ntertain d. resent 298. admire : despise :: praise : ________ a. ravage b. surrender c. admonish d. warn 299. advance : ret reat :: curtail : ________ a. damage b. discard c. consume d. prolong 300. implant : embed :: expel : ________ a. beseech b. oust c. accept d. examine 34 –A N A L O G I E S – 301. assemble : convene :: categorize : ________ a. systematize b. dismiss c. congregate d. alternate 302. grind : crush :: demolish : ________ a. divulge b. check c. pulverize d. steam 303. continuation : sequel :: scheme : ________ a. supplication b. management c. aftermath d. plot 304. phase : segment :: epoch : ________ a. ocument b. institution c. era d. emotion 305. declare : af? rm :: cringe : ________ a. scorn b. cower c. reason d. arrange 306. ally : enemy :: anonymity : ________ a. restraint b. wealth c. fame d. anxiety 307. personable : agreeable :: friendly : ________ a. genial b. skillful c. willful d. relevant 308. heterogeneous : mixed :: profuse : ________ a. lush b. timid c. scarce d. painful 309. trust : suspicion :: doubt : ________ a. aperture b. reliance c. method d. saga 310. hide : ? aunt :: forget : ________ a. sympathetic b. unappreciative c. retain d. unsociable 311. disclose : reveal :: intimate : ________ a. orbid b. denounce c. announce d. suggest 312. conceal : obscure :: procrastinate : ________ a. anticipate b. relinquish c. delay d. pretend 35 –A N A L O G I E S – 313. ornate : plain :: blithe : ________ a. generous b. morose c. pretentious d. fervent 314. futile : vain :: covert : ________ a. secret b. grand c. seductive d. habitual 315. opposing : differing :: candid : ________ a. conclusive b. strict c. credible d. frank 316. expeditiously : swiftly :: diligently : ________ a. openly b. persistently c. increasingly d. vividly 317. antics : actions :: banter : ________ a. deference b. repartee c. pranks d. candor 318. bstinate : stubborn :: staunch : ________ a. oppressive b. ominous c. faithful d. arrogant 319. persistent : persevering :: spurious : ________ a. false b. dejected c. delightful d. abundant 320. broadcast : obsc ure :: welcome : ________ a. prostrate b. promontory c. strengthen d. eject 321. enthusiastic : blase :: upright : ________ a. deplore b. prone c. unlikely d. passionate 322. sedate : sober :: prim : ________ a. staid b. convalescent c. elaborate d. clairvoyant 323. courtier : aristocrat :: unknown : ________ a. noble b. celebrity c. nonentity d. icon 324. nourish : foster :: abolish : ________ a. continue b. undergo c. aintain d. annul 36 –A N A L O G I E S – 325. undermine : bolster :: reinforce : ________ a. infringe b. boost c. weaken d. forego 326. skim : peruse :: delve : ________ a. scrutinize b. scan c. validate d. memorize 327. comical : witty :: humorous : ________ a. ghostly b. plunging c. facetious d. engraved 328. intersect : diverge :: ratify : ________ a. conceal b. promote c. determine d. nullify 329. proclaim : announce :: restrict : ________ a. invalidate b. stint c. convince d. mystify 330. barter : swap :: irritate : ________ a. annoy b. engage c. a ppoint d. employ 331. design : devise :: upbraid : ________ a. praise b. cclimate c. reprimand d. contrive 332. accord : understanding :: conversion : ________ a. modi? cation b. transition c. concurrence d. con? rmation 333. taint : decontaminate :: enrage : ________ a. provoke b. delve c. rely d. appease 334. judicious : prudent :: wise : ________ a. ill-mannered b. astute c. sophisticated d. satis? ed 335. arbitrator : mediator :: referee : ________ a. manager b. boor c. umpire d. director 336. ensue : follow :: precede : ________ a. pursue b. monitor c. track d. herald 37 –A N A L O G I E S – 337. courage : valor :: chivalry : ________ a. autonomy b. gallantry c. cowardice d. freedom 338. egale : amuse :: impart : ________ a. conceal b. withhold c. bestow d. chance 339. pivotal : crucial :: conventional : ________ a. respectable b. loathsome c. admirable d. conservative 340. fallacy : misconception :: fact : ________ a. logic b. judgment c. evidence d. verdict 341. gratuitous : expensive :: sedentary : ________ a. active b. legitimate c. stable d. selective 342. hypocrite : phony :: lethargy : ________ a. modesty b. stupor c. pride d. disappointment 343. revere : venerate :: esteem : ________ a. deny b. disdain c. respect d. proclaim 344. re? ned : plebeian :: selective : ________ a. unjust b. indiscriminate c. ultivated d. ordinary 345. improbable : plausible :: stable : ________ a. designated b. unilateral c. volatile d. farfetched 346. immoral : ethical :: insuf? cient : ________ a. unscrupulous b. dishonest c. inert d. ample 347. distance : proximity :: economical : ________ a. prodigal b. lenient c. bereft d. dishonest 348. shocked : aghast :: skittish : ________ a. innovative b. restive c. dynamic d. enterprising 38 –A N A L O G I E S – 349. deprivation : af? uence :: capitulation : ________ a. resistance b. potency c. indigence d. complacency 350. dupe : deceive :: exculpate : ________ a. falsify b. disappear c. invade d. bsolve 351. ostracize : banish :: consequence : ________ a. truth b. repercussion c. ritual d. restitution 352. churlish : surly :: steadfast : ________ a. sly b. assertive c. shy d. resolute 353. indirect : forthright :: unashamed : ________ a. evasive b. deceitful c. abashed d. detached 354. superlative : abysmal :: atrocious : ________ a. pallid b. haggard c. sharp d. noble 355. impending : imminent :: calamitous : ________ a. disastrous b. fortunate c. bene? cial d. salutary 356. implant : infuse :: inculcate : ________ a. demand b. instill c. transplant d. consider 357. foreboding : premonition :: qualm : ________ a. onviction b. assurance c. guarantee d. misgiving 358. milieu : environment :: culture : ________ a. commencement b. departure c. customs d. dismay 359. downcast : jaunty :: despondent : ________ a. reticent b. taciturn c. jubilant d. indomitable 360. enumerate : cite :: disregard : ________ a. ignore b. contain c. list d. ?le 39 –A N A L O G I E S – 361. ?ashy : garish :: gaudy : ________ a. re? ned b. muted c. tawdry d. subdued 362. traitor : deserter :: renegade : ________ a. diehard b. driver c. loyalist d. insurgent 363. etiquette : protocol :: statute : ________ a. decree b. promotion c. modicum d. contradiction 364. rominent : conspicuous :: gaunt : ________ a. haggard b. elated c. ostentatious d. familiar 365. outlandish : conservative :: reserved : ________ a. modest b. garrulous c. appeased d. failed 366. belief : doctrine :: hesitation : ________ a. desecration b. communication c. vacillation d. transportation 367. amateur : novice :: representative : ________ a. opposition b. proxy c. author d. philosopher 368. skyrocket : plummet :: diminish : ________ a. withdraw b. retreat c. augment d. control 369. excitable : stoical :: delighted : ________ a. rankled b. con? ned c. restrained d. entertained 370. mendicant : vagabond :: scavenger : ________ a. cout b. recipient c. forager d. explorer 371. friendship : amity :: e nmity : ________ a. companionship b. camaraderie c. chaos d. animosity 372. indiscernible : perceptible :: incalculable : ________ a. genuine b. in? nitesimal c. serious d. solemn 40 –A N A L O G I E S – 373. veritable : actual :: specious : ________ a. sanctimonious b. overdone c. false d. roomy 374. anxiety : trepidation :: lethargy : ________ a. vitality b. mutuality c. empathy d. lassitude 375. absorbed : engrossed :: bored : ________ a. unrealistic b. inured c. excluded d. stulti? ed 376. involvement : aloofness :: clumsiness : ________ a. ?nesse b. ndecision c. authority d. awkwardness 377. incoherent : articulate :: ? uent : ________ a. eloquent b. halting c. lethargic d. expressive 378. shiftless : lackadaisical :: hardworking : ________ a. sloppy b. careless c. assiduous d. slipshod 379. pert : lively :: impudent : ________ a. insolent b. gloomy c. morose d. sullen 380. native : foreign :: commonplace : ________ a. routine b. exotic c. ordinary d. mundane 381. compassionate : insensitive :: conceited : ________ a. disarming b. pretentious c. modest d. unassuming 382. characteristic : attribute :: ingredient : ________ a. component b. recipe c. vegetarian d. ormula 383. capricious : whimsical :: shrewd : ________ a. cruel b. different c. grateful d. astute 41 –A N A L O G I E S – 384. gluttonous : abstentious :: complimentary : ________ a. prominent b. permissive c. disparaging d. calculating 385. yielding : submissive :: tractable : ________ a. amenable b. unruly c. refractory d. obstreperous 42 S E C T I O N 2 T Vocabulary in Context in this section test your skills in identifying vocabulary in context. By using the sentences provided, you will ? gure out which answer choice best ? lls each blank. In Chapter 6 you are provided with a sentence that gives you clues to ? ding the appropriate word or phrase. In Chapter 7 you are provided with reading passages that offer clues to ? nding the correct answer. For each passage, yo u will be asked a few reading comprehension questions. In Chapter 8 you will replace a common word or phrase with a more descriptive one that has the same or a very similar meaning. This is called identifying synonyms in context. Finally, in Chapter 9, you will be given a pair of words to choose from in order to best complete the sentences provided. HE FOUR CHAPTERS 43 C H A P T E R 6 Sentence Completion Choose the best word to ? ll the blank. 386. To get the promotion she wanted, Priya ________ that it was best to go back to school to get her master’s degree as soon as she could. a. anticipated b. hindered c. augmented d. resolved 387. The car rental company considered the scratches on the driver’s door to be caused by a minor ________. a. mishap b. coercion c. in? ltration d. quirk 388. Being a direct relative of the deceased, her claim to the estate was ________. a. optional b. vicious c. prominent d. legitimate 45 –S E N T E N C E C O M P L E T I O N – 389. The hail ________ the corn? eld until the entire crop was lost. a. belittled b. pummeled c. rebuked d. ommended 390. The Earth Day committee leader placed large garbage bins in the park to ________ Saturday’s cleanup. a. confound b. pacify c. integrate d. facilitate 391. Her rapport with everyone in the of? ce ________ the kind of interpersonal skills that all of the employees appreciated. a. prevailed b. diverged c. exempli? ed d. dele gated 392. When you discuss the characters from The Catcher in the Rye, please be sure to give a ________ description of the narrator. a. principled b. determined c. comprehensive d. massive 393. ________ elephants from the wild not only endangers the species but also upsets the balance of nature. . Contriving b. Poaching c. Provoking d. Hindering 394. The two cats could be ________ only by the number of rings on their tails; otherwise, they were exactly alike. a. separated b. diversi? ed c. disconnected d. differentiated 395. Despite her ________ dress, she was a simple girl at heart. a. sophisticated b. casual c. shoddy d. personable 396. The non-pro? t agency bought of? ce supplies using a tax ________ number. a. liability b. exempt c. information d. accountability 397. With great and admirable ________, the renowned orator spoke to the crowd gathered in the lecture hall. a. toil b. ado c. ?nesse d. edium 398. ________, the skilled pediatric nurse fed the premature baby. a. Carel essly b. Precariously c. Gingerly d. Wantonly 46 –S E N T E N C E C O M P L E T I O N – 399. For the ? rst assignment of the fall term, the students in Professor Norman’s English 101 class had to write a/an ________ to summarize the short story they had read. a. reconciliation b. acronym c. precis d. proclamation 400. She pretended to be ________ about her upcoming performance, but secretly she was very excited. a. agitated b. receptive c. candid d. blase 401. We were tired when we reached the ________, but the spectacular view of