What Is the Greenhouse Efect

* What is the greenhouse effect, and how does it work? The greenhouse effect is when the short wave lengths of visible light from the son pass through a transparent medium. They are then absorbed but the longer wavelengths of the infrared re-radiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through that medium. The Greenhouse Effect is when there are various gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and even water vapor that traps the sun's energy, or heat, inside.When unable to escape the atmosphere the added solar energy results in warmer air temperature, just like the glass in a greenhouse traps the energy from the sun and keeps your plants warm. Some greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are a good thing. It keeps the earth from freezing. Too much causes excessive temperatures and stronger storms. Also not all the greenhouse gas that we emit to the atmosphere stays there indefinitely. For example the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and the amount of CO2 dissolved in surface waters of the oceans stay in equilibrium, because the air and water mix well at the sea surface.Thus when we add more CO2 to the atmosphere, a proportion of it dissolves in the ocean. * What are the main greenhouse gases? The main greenhouse gases are as followed carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases. Fluorinated gases are by far the most important greenhouse gases because of their strength or global warming potential. * What is the present level of atmospheric carbon dioxide? Why has carbon dioxide concentration risen since 1860? As of December 2012 our current atmospheric carbon dioxide level is at 394. 39ppm. There are several reasons the concentration has risen since 1860.Burning of coal, oil, and natural gas releases about 6 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year worldwide. Also logging and burning of the natural forest contributes upwards of 2 billion tons annually since the trees are no longer able to store the carbon di oxide there for reducing the amount of carbon in the air. Over the same time period, agricultural and industrial practices have also substantially increased the levels of other potent greenhouse gases — methane concentrations have doubled and nitrous oxide levels have risen by about 15 percent. What are some predicted environmental damages if carbon dioxide emissions are not reduced? When there is too much CO2 being admitted into our environment from burning fossil fuels, and cars. Add that to the fact that we are cutting down trees for paper – it is imbalanced and now it has started to catch up with us with global warming. Because these gases are trapped in our atmosphere, they have more time to collect heat from our atmosphere and the sun – thus making our climate increase in heat. This then triggers ice caps to melt and floods to occur.It also increases the risk for forest fires, Pole ward shift of temperate species, increase death due to illness from the hea t. Also possible environmental damages are increased exposure to infectious diseases such as malaria or dengue and respiratory disorders because of the interactions with pollutants. * In your analysis, how certain do we need to be about future predictions before acting on this problem? Based on the information I have gathered global warming is an issue that needs to be taken very seriously because it could severely impact the future of earth as we know it.It is also important to be sure about our future predictions because a wrong move or a wrong prediction could make the global warming issue worse. We do however need to start moving forward to try and solve the global warming issue. References hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/thermo/grnhse. html www. whatsyourimpact. eu. org/main-greenhouse-gases. php clinton5. nara. gov/Initiatives/Climate/greenhouse. html Done by Melissa McRoberts

Defining and Experiencing the Humanities Essay

I am currently having trouble defining humanities in my own words after reading week one’s overview. Unfortunately after reading this week’s readings and watching the assigned videos, I am still unclear as to what humanities really is. The week one overview while well written was merely a string of questions and what ifs, that honestly left me with even more questions than I started with. Is this an art appreciation class, a literature class, maybe history? Could it possibly be all these things and more? I am still not sure but I am very certain I look forward to finding out. My selection of a cultural event that I have attended (and participated in) is the War for Empire event at Ft. Dobbs in Statesville, NC. This event is the largest event at Ft. Dobbs each year. During this event there are several encampments that showcase different aspects of life on the North Carolina frontier during the mid-18th century. There are Cherokee and Catawba encampments that demonstrate music, dance, and other forms of art such as finger weaving. The native interpreters also discuss clothing, food, and social norms associated with their people. There are also many Anglo (European) encampments which demonstrate things such as period cooking, beer crafting, tailoring, and furniture and once there was even a cobbler (awesome). Other sights to be seen are weapons and tactics demonstrations, the clothing and equipment used by the common soldiers, laborers and farmers of the North Carolina frontier during the Seven Years War.

Mediation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Mediation - Research Paper Example In this form of mediation, the mediators drive the conflicting parties’ attention to focus on what drivers of conflict exist in their situation (Moore, 2014). This enables the parties to understand overt issues and go beyond them to the deep root causes of the conflict that they may not understand including the parties respective position in the conflict. The abstract needs that the individuals in a conflict have are the interest that should be focused on at this. As such the mediation seeks to have a bargain that will satisfy these interests. The process, substantive, relationship and principle interests as ell need to be included in order for a successful mediation. An example of integrative mediation is the case of divorce where partners share the wealth and children have access to both parents. It does not consider the betrayal, heart break that made of the parties seek divorce. Distributive approach of mediation on the other hand can be understood as competitive mediation that where the parties in conflict seeks to distribute the pie amongst them (Moore, 2014). It is often described as a zero sum exchange since the parties tend to believe that whatever it is that one side gains the other side loses. It is therefore position focused where the involved parties move from position to another to reach an agreement. Several compromises based on the shifts in positions through the mediations take place until an agreement is reached. In the distributive approach of mediation, agreements are normally reached after a compromise leading to a mid point is achieved. This are typically from the first positions or demands set out by the conflicting parties in the onset of the mediation. However this offers made are considered reasonable by the other party in the conflict and as such may not consider any bargaining parameters for negotiation (Moore, 2014). An example is in the case

A World of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A World of Art - Essay Example Renowned artist, scientist and philosopher Leonardo is particularly famous for rendering exemplary services in the fields of paintings and sculptures. The paper has analyzed the famous works of both these creative giants in order to bring to lime-light their gifted talent and command over their work. Subtractive and Additive Processes Subtractive process refers to the creation of sculpture by removing the extra mass from the material to be applied in the entire process. In simple words, subtractive method creates sculpture by taking away the material from the wood or stone while shaping the sculptures. According to Abraham Lincoln Art Gallery, subtractive sculpture is by far the most technically difficult and due to the nature of the medium is the most restrictive in expression. Thus, removing of the material in bulk made of either wood or stone is called subtractive process. Carving is the best example of subtractive process. Carving is typically a subtractive process, in which the material, such as wood or plaster or clay is chipped or carved away until the desired sculptural form emerges. (galenaparkisd.com) Subtractive sculpture On the other hand, in additive process of sculpture creating, the material is added on the piece to be constructed in order to give its proper shape. Hence, joining a smaller piece of clay to a larger piece is called additive process. (galenaparkisd.com) For example, in assemblage the sculptor adds the material for shaping the statue. Both subtractive and additive processes maintain great significance in the development of sculptures. The former carves the already existing material and excludes the surplus matter from it; while the latter observes addition of the material to be applied while building the sculpture. Both these terms are also applied in paintings, where the mixing and combining various colors and oils help in making a refined piece of art. Crafts and Fine Arts: Crafts simply stand for the skill and dexterity over crea ting one thing or the other. In crude sense, it is related to a person’s skill to create, form and shape something. Though handy-work and creating different objects comes in the definition of crafts, yet trade, commerce and business activities also come under its definition. However, designing and forming jewelry, vases, pottery, statues and other objects is called crafting. On the contrary, fine arts contain broadness in its nature and scope, where all forms of arts including drama, poetry, dance, music, sculpture, paintings, photography, calligraphy, assemblage, installation and others come under the term fine arts. Fine arts include the objects such as paintings and sculptures that are created to be looked at because they are beautiful or interesting. Fine art is different to crafts or art that has a practical use. In simple words, the artist does not require practice to have command over creating fine art; rather, it is just gifted talent applied to create various forms o f art. (macmillandictionary.com) Major developments in the camera arts: The invention and inclusion of camera in fine arts brought tremendous revolution in the creative activities, where preservation of the most accurate images of humans, fauna, flora and other material objects became very fast, easy and long lasting. Before the invention of camera, the pencil work, oil paintings, canvas painting and sculptures had been in vogue as the sources to preserve the images.

The Nature of Human Conflicts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Nature of Human Conflicts - Coursework Example People hold different beliefs about their environment, sometimes this brings about conflict if at all laws put across do not acknowledge ones interests. From this people tend to believe that laws are only made for the interest of that in power and not for the interest of the whole society (Kalinich, 2000, p. 35). Conflicts can also emanate from our genetic composition. These involves our reasoning and mental capacity. Every individual has a unique genes passed from one generation to another. The ability of ones understanding of the law depends on his brain capacity whether he is of sound mind or not (Kalinich, 2000, p. 38). There are different managerial typologies that are used to describe police administrators approach to conflict resolution one being scientific management. Here the police come up with a defined method of handling different criminal charges; in addition to that the judicial criminal system tries to come up with ways in which the police can carry out their duties without disruption to ensure efficiency (Kalinich, 2000, p. 102). The second managerial approach is process approach. These are different processes take place in a criminal justice agency to ensure resolution of conflicts. The police ensure discipline at all cost. Work is divided on line of specialization and directions are offered from authority in place. Another managerial typology focuses on human needs. It is important to notice that every individual ha s different needs. The most important ones are basic needs also known as physiological needs. These needs are well described by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Kalinich, 2000, p.

Educating Prison Inmates Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Educating Prison Inmates - Research Paper Example Apart from that this research paper has also highlighted the opportunity of American inmates’ educating programs in order to accomplish employment. Moreover, the study has evidently perceived that inmates’ educational programs in correctional facility have reduced the criminal recidivism among prisoners and have provided them with employment opportunities. Inmates education has emerge to become a new trend in early 21st century. The tendency of inmates’ education has been mostly observed in American correctional system. The objective of inmates’ education is to convey knowledge among the prisoners for outside world and enhance the rehabilitative aspects of American prison. American government has chosen couple of approach such as vocational training and academic education to educate inmates. It has been also observed that several colleges and university along with few non-governmental organisations have stepped forward in order to offer educational programs to the inmates in America. During the year 1996, American Central Security Control (CSC) has realized that inmates’ education programs can meet their employment needs after the correctional life. Therefore, CSC has designed inmates’ education programs according to teach job skills and rational skills, which will help them to become productive and law abi ding citizen. Thus, the American government has been investing large amount of money on offenders’ correctional education programs since the last decade (John Howard Society of Alberta, 2012). In this research paper, the main aim is to identify weather the inmates’ education programs affect the American correctional system positively or not. Apart from this, during the research the objective is to highlight the impact of offenders’ correctional education programs on the American correctional system. Moreover, through the research report the actual intention is to

Internet banking applications Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Internet banking applications - Research Paper Example According to the research as soon as technology bulged out from the conventional manual working trends, people who were tired of time consuming repetitive tasks obliged, and accepted it. That is the sole reason behind technology gaining sudden fame and it is only the charisma of technology that the power of mainframes is now present in handhelds. Such rapid advancement in technology was due to man’s eagerness and need of making things work on his fingertips. Technology, soon after its introduction in the markets and after the revelation of its endless benefits became a necessity for everyone. From MNCs to home users, technology is everywhere. The usage of technology of course is different with everyone but the truth is that it is used everywhere in some capacity or the other. Banking is one of the oldest businesses in the world. Since the evolution of human mind, human beings are constantly involved in making transactions and carrying out trade and business. Slowly but steadil y, the banking system also gained popularity and became popular. This meant that the clientele of each bank were increasing exponentially. Therefore, banking theories and studies became a crux part of finance and accounting curriculum. It was soon realized that banks should use the numeric computation and storage power of computers to enhance their business processes. This made competition stiffer and this is by virtue of this competition that value added services were introduced by banks. These value added services such as ATM’s and Internet Banking not only provided the banks competitive edge but also first mover advantage. This influx of technology not only introduced several different technologies at the workplace but also ensure that banks were making great sales as customers were willing to pay more for these value added services (Ghaziri, 1998). The term ‘Internet Banking’ was coined in 1980’s (Scholasticus, n.d.) but it’s no more a technical jargon these days as even basic customers who have very little knowledge of internet can use this technology to make financial transactions. This idea of doing online transactions got very modest reception when it was first launched primarily because of high internet costs and the vulnerability of such applications. The idea of virtual transactions didn’t appeal the conventional users but time proved them, otherwise. The aim of this dissertation is to do a threadbare analysis on internet banking applications that are currently in use in the industry. Some relevant questions that we will look to answer are: How actually these internet banking applications work? Are these applications really worth it? How these internet banking applications have evolved over the period of time and what extra features are now available in these applications? These questions will just act as the starting point of our research and will be answered comprehensively. Moreover, a peep into currently used architectures and applications themselves will also be a point of focus throughout our studies. 2. Objectives The objectives of this research are clearly elicited and they will help in providing a broader overview of the complete architecture that is normally being deployed in a bank. To calculate ROI generated because of this value added feature To perform trend analysis on different internet banking applications To determine different KPI’s that will help us analyze an internet banking application’s efficiency To study the general 3-tier architecture of a complete internet banking application To study factors that can further enhance an internet banking application To study peripheral applications that work with mainstream Internet Banking application To examine other channels that interact and study if they can work in line with the internet banking application To determine factors that can affect internet banking software’s performance 3. Background The forerunner of the modern times, Internet Banking was started as distance

The Respiratory System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Respiratory System - Assignment Example Lungs and open airways are the fundamental components of human respiration. Air gets into and leaves the body via the nose. The nasal lining is has hairs and a mucous lining that helps to filter out solid particles that are contained in the inhaled air. Air moves to the pharynx from the nasal cavity. Pharynx opens to larynx which is an air way and the esophagus that leads to the stomach. At this point, an epiglottis closes the respiratory tract when swallowing food to prevent it from entering the respiratory system by way of trachea (Starr & McMillan, 2012). Trachea divides into two major airways referred to as bronchus, with each entering one lung. Bronchi further divide in the lungs to form several bronchioles. The bronchioles have air sacs referred to as alveoli. Each lung is made up of approximately 150 million alveoli. Through these air sacs is where air exchange between lungs and blood circulation system takes place. Oxygen that has been inhaled crosses the thin walls of the alveoli to the blood supply system. Carbon dioxide that has been collected from all body organs also crosses this wall from the circulation system to lungs so that it is expelled from the body via the nose (Starr & McMillan, 2012). Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse depending on their difference in concentration. Surface area in addition to partial pressure difference across the alveoli are the two major factors that affect the number of gas molecules that can move into and out the lungs in a given period of time. Hemoglobin present in red blood cells helps to facilitate the process of air exchange. Molecules of hemoglobin bind oxygen in the lungs where there is a high concentration of oxygen. Blood carries hemoglobin with bound oxygen to various body organs (Starr & McMillan, 2012). In the body tissues, oxygen concentration is low as compared to concentration within blood

Work placement with Barnet Homes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Work placement with Barnet Homes - Case Study Example The board has formed four sub groups to help it in the task of running the affairs at Barnet homes viz. business sub-group, standards sub-group, resources sub-group, procurement sub-group. The board is given strategic direction through a strategic steering group. The structure of these subgroups is flexible enough to include up to five co-opted members to bring additional relevant skills and experience. The Board delegates roles to area partnership and regeneration panels. The Barnet Housing Consultative Panel is the main consultation forum for Barnet Homes on borough wide operational issues and for Barnet Council on strategic housing issues. These panels focus on the housing management services provided by Barnet Homes. A separate steering group on each estate is responsible for working with partners on the regeneration proposals for the estate. There are also specialist partnership panels for sheltered housing and leaseholders. Barnet homes employs 367 full time staff and 52 Direct Labor Organization operatives (DLOs). It comprises substantially of the staff transferred from the housing service of its parent Barnet Council. The percentage break-up of staff involved in various categories of jobs is as follows- Housing Management(27%) ,Technical Services(19%),Caretaking(18%), DLO(15%), Supporting People(10%),Corporate (4%),CEO(4%) and Finance(3%).(5 Year, 2005) The stated aims and objectives of the organization Barnet homes has set for itself following six fold objectives: 1. To provide excellent services driven by customer involvement. 2. To bring all homes up to decent homes plus standard by 2010. 3. To provide services that meets the needs of all our diverse & vulnerable customers. 4. To develop safe sustainable & cohesive communities through partnership. 5. To develop a highly skilled, motivated and satisfied workforce, which is reflected in high quality services to residents, and 6. To develop new business areas for Barnet homes.(5 Year,2005)

Improving Math and Science Scores in Middle School Essay Example for Free

Improving Math and Science Scores in Middle School Essay Math and Science are two subjects which most students at any level approach with trepidation and intense dislike, however, both subjects are integral to cognitive thinking. Not only will these subjects provide skills that will help students think more clearly, but students will be academically successful throughout their school career, enjoy wider career choices and earn more money after graduation. Therefore, establishing a strong foundation in these subjects is integral to future academic and career success. However, studying these subjects in middle school is even more difficult. Studies have shown that the transition for a student from elementary school to middle school is academically and psychologically difficult. According to Maurice Elias in an article entitled, â€Å"Middle School Transition: It’s Harder Than You Think†, many former elementary school students are not well prepared for the demands of middle school. They need explicit instruction, coaching, and support with regard to organizing time and resources for homework; responding to work that is more challenging and requires more effort; understanding and addressing the varying expectations of teachers in different subject areas; and accomplishing such basic tasks as taking notes and taking tests (Elias, 2001). Unfortunately, this same sentiment resonates today with the New York City Public School system, specifically, middle schools located in low income areas. The New York City Public School System is struggling with mathematics achievement in the grades beyond elementary school. Over 30% of the city’s elementary and middle school students score at the lowest level of the state mathematics test and only 34% of all students pass that test. The mathematics â€Å"problem† seems connected to the third major trend in the data, the low performance of middle and junior high schools in the city. In both Mathematics and English Language Arts, the city’s middle and junior high schools seem to be the weakest link in the system (Domanico, 2002). Recently, the math state scores were released further underscoring the middle school â€Å"math problem† that exists. Results showed that while 75. 3% of students at the elementary level passed successfully only 38. 9% of grade eight students passed (Andreatta, 2006, 11). As such, the intent of this study, based on the aforementioned information, is to evaluate and make recommendations with regard to middle school students in a particular school who have been struggling with both subjects. This study will focus on a middle school, IS 166- George Gershwin School—located in East New York. The decision to choose IS 166 was dependent on a few factors among which included the fact that the district within which it is located is considered a â€Å"virtual educational dead zone† by a Civic Report drafted by the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research (Domanico, 2002). Additionally, after reviewing the New York City Department of Education’s website—which provides an overwhelming amount of information on every public school in the city as well as their progress over recent years in the core subjects—it was found that of the schools within the 19th School District—primarily East New York, IS 166 is one of the worst performing schools. The school’s poor academic performance is further exacerbated by the outstanding grades displayed by another school in the 19th School District such as IS 409—East New York Family Academy and outside of the district another school MS 114, located in District 2 (Manhattan), whose grades superseded the city’s level as well as the state’s level. The graphs below illustrate how IS 166 performed poorly in the last 2 years on the state Math and Science exams comparatively to other schools, specifically IS 409 in the same district as well other schools in other districts. The last two graphs will show the difference with a higher performing school such as IS 409 and therefore will confirm why this study is going to be conducted. IS 166- George Gershwin School Math and Science Grades Source: New York Department of Education (Division of Assessment and Accountability—School Report Cards 2005). Definition of the Levels on which the scores for both subjects are based: Level 4—These students exceed the standards and are moving toward high performance on the Regents examination. Level 3—These students meet the standards and, with continued steady growth, should pass the Regents examination. Level 2—These students need extra help to meet the standards and pass the Regents examination. Level 1—These students have serious academic deficiencies. Source: New York Department of Education (Division of Assessment and Accountability—School Report Cards 2005). The aforementioned graphs showed how poorly IS 166 has performed in the last two years in both Math and Science. In Math, the number of students performing at Levels 3 and 4 has decreased from 22. 2% in 2004 and 17. 5% in 2005. The number of students tested for Level 3 was only 60 and for Level 4 only 3 of 361 total students. The remaining students, as displayed on the right hand side of the graph, are still at a Level 1 which as noted by the above definition means that they are in grave need of assistance. Therefore, for the purposes of the study, the target population will be defined as â€Å"in need† students. Although there has been a slight increase in Science, the results are still less than desirable when compared with other schools in the district and the City. As seen in the graph, only 14% of the students passed at Levels 3 and 4 in 2004 and by 2005, only 18% were able to pass at the same levels. Therefore, if IS 166 continues on this trajectory, it will continue to be labeled an underperforming school that graduates below average students incapable of performing the basic tasks in both subjects. The goal of the evaluation study is to thoroughly review the problems that exist and hopefully get the school to achieve grades similar to IS 409-East New York Family Academy sometime in the near future as is reflected in the following graphs. IS 409- East New York Family Academy Math and Science Grades Source: New York Department of Education (Division of Assessment and Accountability—School Report Cards 2005). As noted in the above graphs, IS 409 is performing extremely well at Levels 3 and 4 and has outperformed schools in both math and science in the district (which is truly exceptional given the neighborhood and its history) as well as other City schools. Very few students if any are far below the standard in both subjects. Moreover, as noted before, other schools such as MS 114 and IS 289 located in District 2 have maintained exceptional scores over the two year period. For 2004 and 2005, MS 114 scored 88% and 81% consecutively in Math and 97% and 91% in Science. IS 289 also scored high grades-for both years in Math, the school displayed 83% and 73% when compared to other schools in the district and city and in Science, they scored 87% and 82%. Other schools in other districts from Queens and Staten Island have also demonstrated solid scores. This makes designing a program even more of a priority in light of the above referenced comparisons. The study will not focus on the students at all levels in the middle schools but specifically, the eighth grade students destined for high school who have yet to grasp the necessary skills needed to succeed and have been the center of test score analysis over the years. These eighth grade students will be approximately 14 years old but depending on factors such as repeating a grade or special needs, the age may vary from 14-16 years old. As noted before, they will be identified as â€Å"in need† students and the study will attempt to identify the worst performing students by looking not only at grades but possibly contributing factors such as income, special needs, and possible crime involvement. The improvement of Math and Science scores is a gargantuan task which requires a major overall of the school at all levels, however, to begin the following services are needed and they are but not limited to: ?Offering training sessions for the math and science teachers. The difference between not only IS 409 and other schools in District 2 is that the teachers have more experience, education, and are less likely to be absent more than average. The training sessions will be implemented on weekends or after-school whichever is more convenient for the teachers and will be done prior to establishing an after-school program for the students. The training sessions will allow teachers from higher performing schools an opportunity to impart their techniques for achieving higher grades. ?Offering a separate informative session for the Principal, Maria Ortega, so that she is more knowledgeable on what is needed to succeed in both areas. In most cases, the principal of a school has a general idea of what is needed in most subject areas, however, if the principal is more involved, informed, and fully comprehends the nuances of the subject matter, then she will be able to make better choices in hiring and understanding the teaching of the curriculum. This is an idea which originated out of reading the case of MS 114 in District 2 which showcases a principal that has not only taught but has written Math books for children. Also, in IS 289, the principal knows each student individually and is fully acquainted with their needs. ?Offering additional services for children that may range from an after-school program to extending class hours to offering classes on the weekend. One of the schools in District 2 actually has classes that last at least 50 minutes giving students a better opportunity to absorb the material thereby performing better in exams. ?Offering programs that will incorporate the parents as well. Perhaps this will be in conjunction with the after-school program. As noted, most of the students in this district are from low income families and perhaps some of the parents are in low paying jobs or living on welfare. The parents can take advantage of the program by refreshing themselves with the basic concepts of each subject so that they may assist their children and perhaps help themselves. PROGRAM THEORY In order to address the dire academic situation at IS 166-George Gershwin School, and before implementing an after-school program, it is important to address the issue at the higher levels which means analyzing teaching techniques and more importantly, principal participation. At the Center for Civic Innovation Luncheon featuring Chancellor Joel Klein held on Thursday, October 5th at the Harvard Club, Chancellor Klein began his speech with an analogy of the leaky roof and the squeaky floor. He stated that there was a school located in uptown Harlem that had a leaky roof and a squeaky floor. One day a repair man came to repair the floor and the custodian stated that the floor cannot be fixed prior to the roof being fixed to which the repairman replied â€Å"That’s not my concern, I am just here for the floor†. The Chancellor began his speech with that story to underscore the problems with the NYC Education system. He believes that everyone wants to fix the underlying problems without addressing the issues at the surface. The Chancellor’s story may be applied to the case of IS 166 and any other school in need of improvement. Many observers and parents are often led to believe that their children are primarily the problem in achieving higher scores and possibly that their children lack the intellect to truly analyze or process the information given to them. However, it is just as important for the heads of the respective schools to be cognizant of what is needed to improve these scores and the principal is just the person to ensure this. Therefore, before implementing a program, we have recommended that Principal Maria Ortega participate in a briefing session lasting approximately one month in the summer—right after the end of the school year and before the hiring season begins—for at least 4 hours a day, three days a week. According to reports of comprehensive school reforms in Chicago and Louisiana, the schools’ academic success was primarily attributed to the principals in charge and the contributions they made throughout the reforms. In one report, it stated that â€Å"highly effective schools communicated expectations for teachers. The principal was active in working to improve teacher skills; ineffective teachers were let go. † Moreover, the principals played an important role in four areas a) selection and replacement of teachers; b) classroom monitoring and feedback; c) support for improvement of individual teachers; and d) allocating and protecting academic time (Good et al, 2005, 2207). Therefore, implementing a program or briefing session solely for Principal Ortega would help her improve in all these areas. Principals, under Chancellor Klein’s tenure, have been given more empowerment opportunities and have more responsibilities to ensure the success of their schools. IS 166 has been categorized as a Title I School In Need of Improvement (SINI) under the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) and as such, Principal Ortega has to work harder than ever to improve the english, math, and science scores—subjects that are integral to a student’s academic success. The program we have suggested will illustrate to Principal Ortega that math, in particular, cannot be taught in the traditional manner, that is, using rote. In fact, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) advocates the development of an inquiry-based mathematics tradition. Students taught using this tradition are encouraged to explore, develop conjectures, prove, and problem solve (Manswell Butty, 2001, 20). Students are best able to absorb the material in not only math and science but other subjects if the teachers are able to present it in an interesting manner that entails connections to the outside world. Principal Ortega should also be familiarized with the requirements for the exams and then know exactly how the staff should approach student preparation. She should also ensure that with respect to math, she adheres to the recommendations Lyle V. Jones reiterated in his article entitled â€Å"Achievement Trends in Math and Science† in which it was stated: ? Only teachers who like mathematics should teach mathematics ? The chief objective of school mathematics should be to instill confidence ? Mathematics teaching must be based on both contemporary mathematics and modern pedagogy (Jones, 1988, 333). After completion of this program, and hopefully with a better understanding of what is needed to improve the scores at IS 166, the next step would be to address the teaching staff. As noted, the methodology used is integral to ensuring that the students comprehend, absorb, and analyze the information being disseminated. If they fail to process the information then they will ultimately perform poorly in the state exams and possibly continue to do so throughout high school. We recommend prior to the beginning of the academic year, and the implementation of the after-school program, that teachers, specifically, the math teachers enroll in a summer institute similar to one reported in an article entitled, â€Å"Toward a Constructivist Perspective: The Impact of a Math Teacher InService Program on Students†. The reason being is that the teaching of math more so than science requires certain techniques that are far from the traditional methods that most teachers employ. The summer institute in the report offered participating teachers intensive two-week summer institutes and weekly classroom follow-up during one academic year. Moreover, they received an opportunity to reexamine their ideas about the teaching and learning of mathematics. During the summer institutes, these teachers experienced mathematics classes in which they were encouraged to construct solutions and ideas and to communicate them to a group. They analyzed student understandings as revealed in interviews and they planned lessons which reflected their evolving ideas about mathematics learning and teaching (Simon and Schifter, 1993, 331). Teachers need to plan their lessons in such a manner as to engage the students so that they may effectively communicate their thoughts or problems with a particular issue. In fact, after completion of the summer institute, and after the teachers began using their newfound techniques, the results were noteworthy and ranged from students stating that â€Å"it’s fun to work math problems† to â€Å"I’d rather do math than any other kind of homework† to â€Å"I like to explain how I solved a problem†(Simon and Schifter, 1993, 333). Therefore, using the above referenced example, the summer institute that we propose for the math teachers will last approximately three weeks in the summer and it would begin approximately mid-August prior to the beginning of the academic year. This program would be mandated by the principal and would include veteran staff members as well new ones brought on board. Another factor that teachers have to take into consideration is the population they cater to during the academic year. IS 166 consists of predominantly black and Hispanic students residing in East New York and its surrounding environs, thereby, making them not only an â€Å"in need† group in terms of grades but an â€Å"at risk† group in terms of their backgrounds and predisposition to engage in illicit activities. Many believe teaching techniques are generic and if they are employed in one school then they may be applicable in another. However, studies have shown that minority children in low income neighborhoods require a different set of techniques employed. According to Manswell Butty, African-American children have further been identified as favoring four learning styles a) person-centered, b) affective, c) expressive, and movement oriented (Butty, 2001, 23). Therefore, teachers need to use laboratory or group exercises, discussion sessions, or instructional uses of music and the visual and dramatic arts, especially when those pedagogical techniques promote Black students’ greater academic involvement, interest, and performances (Butty, 2001, 23). However, this is not a generalization implying that all minority children respond to this technique but most will probably respond positively. Therefore, teachers must be made aware of the group of children that they are dealing with and ensure that they employ the above referenced techniques to garner success. In fact, there are Learning through Teaching in an After-School Pedagogical Laboratories (L-TAPL) in California and New Jersey, which not only offer a program for elementary students but also serves as a practice-rich professional development for urban teachers. The program aims to improve the achievement of urban students and the competence of their teachers (Foster et al, 2005, 28). According to the Foster article, numerous studies, policies, and programs have addressed the persistent problem of underachievement among poor urban students and its array of possible causes. The NCLB links teacher quality to improved student achievement, especially among low-income urban children of color. Consequently, improving teacher quality has become one of the hallmarks of current reform efforts (Foster et al, 2005, 28). These laboratories groom future urban teachers to deal with students similar to the target population at IS 166. And as such, as an alternative to our summer institute, the teachers are free to enroll in the program offered by this lab in New Jersey. Therefore, taking into account the above referenced studies, improving teacher quality is of utmost importance when taking into consideration the improvement of math and science scores. All of the above has brought us to the most important element of the study establishing an after-school program. Establishing an After-school Program-Resources Funding Under the NCLB Act, Title I schools, such as IS 166 that are listed as Schools In Need of Improvement, have failed to reach student achievement targets that have been set for every school. This means the school has failed to meet state proficiency level for all students in English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science and/or high schools graduation rate. Schools falling in the above referenced category may be eligible for Supplemental Educational Services (SES). SES include free after-school/weekend remedial help or tutoring services. The SES provision offers providers an opportunity to offer low-income children, who may be struggling in school, extra academic help and individual instruction. Through SES, innovative leaders and educators can start a new tutoring program or expand an existing one to serve more students (New York City Department of Education). However, instead of using an SES provider—which in some cases the DOE will offer contracts of over a million dollars to provide services to various schools—we will request additional funding that would have been used to acquire an SES provider to establish the after-school program by ourselves with the assistance of The After-school Corporation (TASC). TASC is renowned for establishing successful after-school programs and have no contract with the DOE and thus, are not labeled SES Providers. In addition to wanting to establish a program using solely school staff, it is important to note, that there have been several complaints about SES providers and most are being investigated either by the Special Commissioner of Investigation for the New York City School District or the Office of Special Investigation and in the best interest of the target population, we have decided to forego those providers. Therefore, the funding used from SES will be used to offer per session rates for the teachers participating in the program as well as pay for the consultant from TASC. The funding will also be used to acquire additional supplies such as the KidzMath program which is highly popular and is used around the country to get students interested in math and to improve scores. Funding will also be used to secure additional bus transportation from the Office of Pupil Transportation as well as food and refreshments for the children. Staffing and Facilities The program will be housed in the school recreation room and so there will be no need to rent a facility to do so. The program will be supervised by the TASC consultant who will preferably be someone from the community who is familiar with the target population and can easily relate to their situation. The principal and assistant principal will take turns observing the classes and ensuring that the teachers and participants are abiding by the rules. The teachers will be eighth grade math and science teachers who deal with the target population on a daily basis and who are familiar with the problems they are experiencing. Additionally, the teachers will be assisted by high school students who are well versed in the subject areas, who have been recruited from neighboring high schools and would like to add an after-school tutoring activity to their resume. Therefore, these students will not be paid but will use the after-school program as a learning experience. Participants The students participating in the program will be chosen based on their past academic performance in grades six and seven and failure to show any signs of improvement. To reiterate, this program is geared specifically for eighth grade students, ages 14-16 years old, and will begin a month into the beginning of the academic year towards the end of September early October after the students and teachers have settled in the new semester. Letters will be sent to the parents at the beginning of the academic year notifying them of their child’s progress and advising them that the program is mandatory if they are to improve and move on to high school (the letters will be followed up by phone calls). While the school has no recourse if a student fails to attend even though it has been marked mandatory, offering a voluntary program usually encourages those that are really not in need of it to participate and those that do need it usually don’t. The parents will be informed of the structure of the program and the fact that transportation will be provided so that their children will be taken home safely after the program. In fact, parents who may not be working full time or at all will be encouraged to observe or participate in another session that will help them to understand what their child needs to improve. The session, which will last as long as the tutoring session, will more than likely be conducted by the assistant principal or a math/science staff member and will give the parent an opportunity to be truly acquainted with the activities being conducted. This program may also be helpful to them as well as some of these parents lack the basic educational skills that are necessary to obtain a job. Activities and Schedule Based on successful programs in Arkansas, the after-school program we will establish will mirror these successful programs and therefore, the program will entail classes of one and a half hours each day, Monday through Thursday between the hours of 3pm and 4:30pm. Mondays and Wednesdays will be dedicated to math and Tuesdays and Thursdays will be dedicated to science. The sessions will be divided into 40 minute periods during which the first period will be dedicated to the teacher illustrating the subject material and the second period will be dedicated to the students participating in groups and working together to complete the work presented in the first period. The students will get a ten-minute break during which they will receive refreshments. In the Camden School District in Arkansas, school officials credited the success of the after-school programs to the schools being released from the â€Å"Adequate Yearly Progress† (AYP) status under the NCLB Act (Arkansas Advocates for Children Families, 2006). Throughout the course of the program, teachers will be encouraged not to utilize the same material or techniques used on a daily basis. The teachers will be reminded that the program is geared towards individuals who have a negative attitude toward the subjects which may be as a result of not only failure to comprehend the material but also the teacher’s emphasis on traditional methods. Therefore, the program will forego any emphasis on memorization, computation, and equation and will focus on modeling and real world problem solving. Engaging in group work, especially in math, has proven to be successful and will be the focus of the program. According to Jones, group work differs from cooperative learning in its lesser emphasis on the teacher as instructor and its greater dependence on students teaching other students. Moreover, cooperative learning procedures as dependent first on instruction by the teacher, then on practice engaged in actively by members of an established student team (often of four team members), has evidence that supports the efficacy of the approach to elevate not only achievement but also self-esteem, interpersonal effectiveness and interracial harmony (Jones, 1988, 328). Therefore, the students will work together in groups over the period of the academic year and will be exposed to hands-on experiences, games, and projects. KidzMath should really be a good stimulant and with the assistance of the teachers, the students should be motivated. Teachers will also be encouraged to maintain a weekly progress report which will ultimately be used to assess the program’s progress. Another aspect of the program would entail having the Principal establishing stronger ties with the community and getting more community leaders involved by dropping by the after-school program to give advice and encouragement to the students. Students are not only stimulated by various activities that are outside of the norm of the regular classroom but are also stimulated by role models or individuals they deem to be successful from their part of the neighborhood. According to a report done on the Chicago School Reform, the schools that experienced major changes and improvements were led by principals who were strong veteran leaders with good relationships with their local school councils and the community (Hess, Jr. , 1999, 79). Additionally, incentives can also be offered for the students in the program which will encourage their continued participation and potential success and can range from visits to museums or amusement parks if they have showed slight improvements. While these children who performed poorly are from low income families, and a reduction in poverty rates might have a salutary effect on measured school achievement, according to Lyle V. Jones, the influence of poverty on educational achievement may be ameliorated by introducing school-parent programs to improve academic conditions in the home. After reviewing nearly 3,000 investigations of productive factors in learning concludes that such programs have an outstanding record of success in promoting achievement (Jones, 1988, 327). Explanation of Logic Model. Inputs: consist of the fundamental resources—human and capital—that the program needs in order for it to achieve its goals. These resources consist of funding for per session rates for the teachers, payment for the TASC Consultant, supplies such as KidzMath, transportation, and refreshments. The most important resources needed are the children to whom the program is directed. Activities: Once the fundamental resources are in place, the schedule has been established and the techniques for teaching have been agreed upon, then the after-school program will proceed as planned throughout the academic year. The sessions will be conducted four days a week, Mondays and Wednesdays, for math and Tuesdays and Thursdays for science lasting 1. 5 hrs each period. The sessions will entail a great deal of group work and collaboration along with potential visits from community leaders and role models. Outputs: Upon implementation of the program, it is important to ascertain if the program is reaching its target population, if the services provided are being done in the manner discussed and if the population are benefiting or if they have any concerns those will be noted throughout the assessment. This will be done by conducting site visits, performing observations and conducting surveys. Outcomes: If the program is successful in achieving its goals, then the immediate goals will see the students passing their in-class tests and ultimately the state exams—which has been the focal issue with the school and the reason for the Title I status under the NCLB Act. The long-term goals include the participants of the program actually going on to high school and possibly even college. From that point onward, if students succeed in college, they may even pursue challenging careers thereby improving their socio-economic status. The reason the logic diagram is done in a cyclical manner is to demonstrate that if the program is successful and the students do improve significantly, then the school may be eligible for the same amount or a higher amount of funding which they can use to increase their resources for the input phase for the upcoming academic year. PROGRAM PROCESS Once the program has been implemented, it is important to ascertain if the services are in fact being delivered as planned and if the participants are learning with the teachers employing the new techniques as discussed. In order to do this, we will conduct an observational study as fashioned from the TASC’s site visit procedures in addition to teacher and parental surveys to see if they have noted any differences in the children participating in the program. This assessment will be done halfway throughout the semester at approximately the end of January which will also coincide with the first set of state exams (students also take these exams towards the end of the academic year-approximately June). The assessment will begin with a two-person team (my colleague and I) visiting the after-school’s program for two days a week, for a total of two weeks—one day for math and the other for science. The visit will include an interview with the principal and assistant principal (who, as noted before, would have taken turns monitoring the program).

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks N.S.Nandhinee S.Kayalvizhi Abstract—The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed a host-based mobility management protocol, called Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocol for mobile nodes (MNs) to maintain continuous service when they move among different foreign networks. However, Mobile IPv6 does not provide good service for real-time applications because it causes longer disruptions when the handoff takes place. Recently, the IETF NETLMM working group developed a network-based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6. PMIPv6 still suffers from packet loss problem and signaling overhead. This paper performs a Bicasting scheme to reduce packet loss, use the piggyback technique to reduce the signaling overhead, also provides Authentication mechanism for protecting valid user from attacks in PMIPv6 networks. Keywords—Authentication, bicasting, handover, piggyback, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) 1. Introduction As wireless technologies have grown, all the people want to use wireless networks while moving from one place to another. At the same time Mobile MIPv6 was developed by the internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support the Mobile Node. Even after introducing the Mobile IPv6 Mobile Nodes (MNs) did not receive any data packets when it performs the handover that involves , IP address configuration, movement detection and location update latencies. To reduce the handover latency, Fast Handover has been developed. Fast handover performs the movement detection and IP address whenever the Mobile Nodes move from one location to another. Therefore Fast handover protocol reduces the handover latency. However , MIPv6 cannot satisfy all the requirements of real time applications such as video streaming service and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) service due to its high handover latency. To address this problem, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) NETLMM working group developed a network based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6.Moreover, PMIPv6 provides the IP with the mobility to support MNs without requiring its participation in any mobility-related signaling. Although PMIPv6 reduces lots of handoff latency compared with MIPv6, it still suffers from packet loss, signaling overhead and inefficient authentication procedure problems during handoff. This is because PMIPv6 does not use any buffer mechanism during the handoff procedure and performs the authentication and registration phases separately. Therefore this paper used a bicasting scheme for packet loss and piggybacking technique for signaling overhead. 2. Related works 2.1. survey on fast handover Chaung and Lee [2] proposed handoff schemes for PMIPv6 networks perform the authentication and registration phases separately, resulting in longer handoff latency. A. Pre-Handoff procedure The movements of an MN is detected using the MAG and it performs mobility-related signaling with the LMA in place of the MN. The pre-handoff phase starts only when the MN is going to leave the range of the serving MAG (i.e., MAG1). First, MAG1 sends a handoff initial (HI) message to the target MAG(i.e., MN-ID) and the address of the target MAG. Then , MAG2 sends back a handoff acknowledgement (HACK) message to MAG1, and then a bi-directional tunnel is built between MAG1 and MAG2. After the bi-directional tunnel is built , the buffer of MAG2 prepares to buffer. B. Fast Handoff procedure When the MN moves out of the transmission range of the MAG1, the MAG1 immediately starts sending the MN’S packets to MAG2 at the same time it buffers the packets to prevent from packet loss. After that MAG2 can start the authentication phase immediately. Now, MAG2 sends the AAA request which includes the profile of Mobile Node (i.e., MN-ID) to authenticate the MN and simultaneously sends the PBU message which piggybacks DeReg PBU message to refresh the binding cache entry of LMA. That is , the target MAG (i.e., MAG2) performs the registration phase on behalf of the Deregistration phase of previous MAG (i.e., MAG1).MAG1 stops the service and MAG2 takes the position of MAG2. Moreover, the authentication and registration phases are simultaneously performed so the executing time of these phases are overlapped. On receipt of the PBU message, the LMA sends a PBA message, which includes the HNP of the MN, deletes the old binding cache entry, establishes a new binding cache entry, and sets up a bi-directional tunnel between the LMA and new MAG (i.e., MAG2). Afterward through the new path the LMA transmits the packet to MAG2 and MAG2 buffers these packets for the MN. At the same time, the AAA server starts to authenticate. The MN sends the AAA response to MAG2. MAG2 also immediately sends an RA message to the MN when it detects the MN’s attachment. After receiving the RA message, the MN checks the RA message for finding where the MN locates in. The MN retains the original address if the MN moves in the same LMD. Otherwise, the MN configures the global IPv6 address on its interface from the HNP. Finally, the MN downloads the buffered packets from MAG2. Kim et al [4] The ERP exchange is not necessarily a full EAP method between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator. It uses MSK sent from EAP server. In this paper, the EAP peer is the MN, the EAP authenticator is a Access Pointer (AP), EAP server is a AAA server and the LMA includes the AAA server. A. EAP authentication in PMIPv6 The MN sends the EAP-Request/Identity to previous AP (p-AP) and receives EAP Response/Identity from the EAP authentication. After the AP performs the EAP method exchange using AAA protocol, it performs the EAP method exchange with the MN. In the case of successful authentication, a MSK is sent by the AAA server to the AP. TSK is made using the MSK after when the MSK is received. TSK is shared with the MN and the TSK is used for per-packet access enforcement by the MN. B. Fast Handover scheme with ERP exchange in PMIPv6 In Proxy MIPv6, whenever the MN moves from its attachment AP to a new attachment AP within the Access Router, it delivers the MSK and performs the re-authentication process. However, the MN performs the Full EAP Method when the MN moves from one attachment MAG network to another new MAG network. In Fast Handover of PMIPv6, the MN performs the Full EAP Method. During Fast Handover period the full EAP method is delayed. The ERP Exchange scheme is used in Fast Handover of PMIPv6 to reduce the full EAP delay. In PMIPv6, Fast Handover schemes are under the propounded phase. Therefore we select the best Scheme of the Fast Handover schemes after the MN performs the Full EAP Method, MSK is received from EAP server and uses the MSK. When the movement of the MN is detected by p-AP, it sends a HO initiate message which includes the MN Identifier (MN ID), new-AP ID and the MSK to the p-MAG. The p-MAG sends a Fast PBU message to the LMA which also receives the HO initiate message. Note that the F ast PBU message includes the information of the HO initiate message. Once the LMA sends back the Fast PBA to the p-MAG it establishes a binding between the HNP which is assigned to the MN and its new PCoA. A Reverse PBU message is sent to the n-MAG by the LMA. The Reverse PBU message consists of the MN ID, HNP of the MN used in the p-MAG, n-AP ID, and the MSK sent from the EAP server. The RA message consists of the HNP, and the MSK which is sent by the n-MAG. MN does not perform a new EAP Method and AAA (EAP Method) scheme when it performs fast handover. Therefore the MSK used in the n-MAG network can also be used in the p-MAG network and the MN is not necessary to complete EAP Method and AAA (EAP Method) between the AAA server and AP. Ryu et al [6] PFMIPv6 to reduce the handover latency occurred in PMIPv6 . PFMIPv6 has two mode: one is the predictive mode and the other is the reactive mode. The solution for handover is described in the following steps : First: The MN reports the identifications of its own (MN ID) and the access point (New AP ID) to which the Mobile Node is most likely to move and also detects that a handover is immediate. The NMAG receives the HI from PMAG which is sent by it. The HI message must include the MN ID and should include the MN-HNP, the MN-ID and the address of the LMA that is currently serving the MN Second: A bi-directional tunnel is built between the PMAG and NMAG and the packets decided for the MN are forwarded from the PMAG to the NMAG over this tunnel. The packets may be buffered at the NMAG after the decapsulation process. If the connection between the N-AN and NMAG has already been established, then those packets may be forwarded towards the N-AN. Third: The MN establishes a connection (e.g., radio channel) with the N-AN, which in turn initiates the establishment of the connection between the N-AN and NMAG if it has not been established already. The NMAG starts to forward packets destined for the MN via the N-AN. The uplink packets from the MN are sent to the NMAG and the NMAG forwards them to the PMAG. The PMAG then sends the packets to the LMA that is currently serving the MN. Final: The NMAG sends the PBU message to the LMA, in which address is provided in HI message from the PMAG to NMAG. Ryu et al [5] Mobile IPv6 needs client functionality in the IPv6 stack of a mobile node (MN). Exchange of signaling messages between the MN and a home agent (HA) enables the creation and maintenance of binding between the MN’s home address and its care-of address. Mobility as specified in Mobile IPv6 requires the IP host to send IP mobility management signaling messages to the HA, which is located in the network. MIPv6 is a approach of host-based mobility to solve the IP mobility challenge. However, it takes a very long time to process handover and there is much packet loss during handover, since there are many signaling messages through wireless link which occurs longer delay during handover process. Network-based mobility is another approach to solve the IP mobility challenge. By extending Mobile IPv6 signaling messages and reusing the HA it is possible to support mobility for IPv6 nodes without host involvement. This approach to support mobility does not require the Mobile Node to be involved in the exchange of signaling messages between itself and the Home Agent (HA). A Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) does the mobility management on behalf of the MN attached to the network and also performs the signaling with the HA . This protocol is known as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) in Network-based Localized Mobility Management (NETLMM) working group of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Since the proxy mobility agent on behalf of the Mobile Node performs handover process,PMIPv6 can reduce handover latency. That is, there are some signaling message via wireless link. Heavy packet loss occurs during handover in PMIPv6, although PMIPv6 reduces handover latency.This paper propose a Packet- Lossless PMIPv6 (PL-PMIPv6) with authentication to reduce the packet loss problem in PMIPv6. The similar kind of scheme was studied to reduce packet loss and handover latency in Mobile IPv6, such as fast handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6) . In PL-PMIPv6, a previous MAG (pMAG) register s to a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) on behalf of a new MAG (nMAG) during layer 2 handoff. Then, during handover after registration nMAG buffers. Compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6, PL-MIPv6 can reduce more packet loss. To receive the MN’s profile securely we use Also, we use Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) infrastructure to authenticate the MN and to receive MN’s profiles securely. We show the performance of PL-PMIPv6 through the comparison of packet loss during handover of MIPv6, PMIPv6 and PLPMIPv6. Authentication with Packet-Lossless PMIPv6 (PL-PMIPv6), to reduce packet loss in PMIPv6. The order of signaling flow in PMIPv6 is followed by PL-PMIPv6 and reduces packet loss. Once the pMAG is aware of the MN’s detachment, it sends the DeReg PBU message to the LMA in PMIPv6. When pMAG sends the DeReg PBU message, nMAG’s PBU message is included in DeReg PBU message in PL-PMIPv6. That is, the pMAG registers on behalf of the nMAG in advance to reduce handover latency. As a result, the tunnel between the nMAG and the LMA is built in advance. Also, the nMAG begins to buffer packets to the MN after it receives the PBA message. After layer 2 handoff, the MN sends the RS message and receives the RA message including the MN’s home network prefix. 3. APPLICATIONS 1) Selective IP Traffic Offload Support with Proxy Mobile IPv6 2) Network-based Mobility Management in a local domain (Single Access Technology Domain) 3) Inter-technology handoffs across access technology domains (Ex: LTE to WLAN, eHRPD to LTE, WiMAX to LTE) 4) Access Aggregation replacing L2TP, Static GRE, CAPWAP based architectures, for 3G/4G integration and mobility 4. ABBREVIATIONS 5. CONCLUSION Fast handovers are transferring of ongoing calls from one channel to another without interruption. Here , Fast Handover analysis reduces the latency in sending the packets from one node to another. In this paper techniques like piggybacking is used to reduce the signaling overhead , bicasting scheme reduces the packet loss by storing all the packets in a buffer and whenever the packet is lost ,the packets are retransmitted from the buffer. Previous papers used only ID for authentication process, this paper used a password authentication mechanism. The result analysis showed that these schemes provide a better solution than existing schemes. 6. REFERENCES Chowdhury K., Koodli R and Yokota H., (2010) ‘Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile IPv6’, IETF Draft, draft-yokota-mipshop-pfmipv6-13 (work in progress). Chuang M.-C. and Lee J.-F., (2011) ‘FH-PMIPv6: A fast handoff scheme in proxy mobile IPv6 networks’, in Proc. IEEE CECNET, pp. 1297–1300. Chuang M.-C. and Lee J.-F, (2011) ‘A lightweight mutual authentication mechanism for network mobility in IEEE 802.16e wireless networks’, Comput. Netw., vol. 55, no. 16, pp. 3796–3809. Chung T.-M., Kim S.-D., and Lee J.-H., (2009) ‘Secure fast handover scheme of proxy mobile IPv6’, in Proc. IEEE Int. Joint Conf. INC IMS IDC NCM, pp. 555–558. Kim B., Kim G-Y, Mun Y. and Ryu s., (2008) ‘A scheme to reduce packet loss during PMIPv6 handover considering authentication’, in Proc. IEEE Int.Conf. Comput. Sci. Its Applicat., pp. 47-51. Kim M., Mun Y. and Ryu S., (2009) ‘Enhanced fast handovers for proxy mobile IPv6’ , in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Sci. Its Applicat. (ICCSA), pp.39-43. Zhang H. and Zhou H., (2008) ‘An authentication protocol for Proxy Mobile IPv6’ ,in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Mobile Ad-Hoc Sensor Network, pp. 129-136.

Organic Anion Transporters Essay -- Biology

The main location of the protein organic anion transporter 3 is in the kidney and the function of the kidney is to get toxins, usually in the form of organic anions, or even medications out of the body. In order to separate and transport these toxins through the blood to the kidney, specific proteins called organic anion transporters (OAT) exist. The sole function of these proteins is to bind to these molecules and take them to the kidney where they can be separated from the blood and excreted. The way these proteins work is that they have a highly specific active site (or binding site) which has unique properties that make it prone to attaching to various organic anions. To better understand the role of OAT 3, a specific OAT protein which is present in the choroid plexus (spinal fluid) and the kidney, an experiment was conducted in which this protein was removed from rats by replacing the DNA code for OAT 3 with a similar, but not functional code. These OAT 3 knockout rats showed an inability to transport certain organic anions including toxins, hormones, and drugs. Methods Procedures: 1. Isolation of the OAT3 Gene 2. Analysis of changes in tissues of the wild type and OAT3 type 3. Northern Analysis 4. RT-PCR 5. Methods of Measuring Transport 6. Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 1. Isolation of OAT3 gene: The strategy used here was a deletion of exon 3. An exon is a portion of a DNA molecule that codes for part of a polypeptide, which gets expressed. So the deletion of this particular exon caused a frame-shift mutation and a premature stop codon to be brought in. This just means that the messenger RNA (mRNA) that is transcribed from the gene gets translated normally until the ribosome co... ...family will allow humans to further expand the effectiveness of drug treatment. First, if the organic anion transport system could be blocked, certain medicines then would stay in the system longer that would otherwise have been excreted. This would allow for more effective and shorter treatment. Second, not everyone has the same amount of organic anion transporters in their system, thus by genotyping a patient and discovering the amount of the transporters present in the individual, a personalized drug regiment could be devised , making it more effective for the individual. Third, by identifying the anion transported by each OAT (OAT 1-4), certain toxins could be transported out of the system much faster and prevent less damage of certain toxins to the system. By altering the amounts of the OAT family present doctors could speed up the recovery process.

The Public Reception of Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Ess

The Public Reception of Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Upon its publication in 1884, Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was met with mixed reviews. Some reviewers called it flat, trashy, and irreverent. Others called it Twain's best work yet, hailing his humor and style throughout the novel. Though obscure at first, reviews began to appear in many newspapers throughout the country as more and more became interested in the novel as a result of these reviews. Huckleberry Finn was published at a time when the nation was deeply concerned about the effects of literature on young minds. Dime novels appeared in abundance, and had moved from western stories to more modern stories, like those of Peck's Bad Boy and His Pa, published in 1883. The main character in these stories was a young prankster, who routinely succeeded in causing pain to adults, namely his father. Stories like these were considered dangerous to young boys who could model their behavior after the characters in the stories. Huck Finn was seen by many critics as another addition to the growing list of bad-boy stories published in the 1880's. The fact that it was written by an already well-known author added insult to injury for many. The attack on Twain's humor was immediate. The New York World published a review which said: Were Mark Twain's reputation as a humorist less well founded and established, we might say that this cheap and pernicious stuff is conclusive evidence that its author has no claim to be ranked with Artemus Ward, Sydney Smith, Dean Swift, John Hay, or any other recognized humorist above the grade of the author of that outrageous fiction, "Peck's Bad Boy." One critic in the Boston Evening Traveller called it "flat... ...ne of the strongest points of the novel is that it "teaches it lessons by implication, not by preaching; and literature is at it best when it is an imitation of life and not an excuse for instruction." The humor in the novel is also complimented, and it is this humor which contributes to the instructiveness of the novel. The review ends with the statement that the "story is capital reading." Huckleberry Finn was met with both positive and negative reviews when it was published. Those positive reviews praised the work of Mark Twain, encouraging the audience to read the novel. Those negative reviews also encouraged the audience to read the novel by stating the wickedness of it as a whole, therefore influencing people to read it just to see what it contained. Though for some novels mixed reviews mean smaller sales, for Huck Finn, every review lead to sales of novel.

History of Punjab: State of Sikh Religion :: World History

History of Punjab: State of Sikh Religion Punjab, state in northwestern India,bordered on the north by Jammu and Kashmir state and Himachal Pradesh state, on the east and south by Haryana state, on the south and southwest by Rajasthan state, and on the west by Pakistan. Punjab state lies between the great systems of the Indus and Ganges river. Punjab had a population of 20,281,969. Chandà ®garh is the state capital. The population of Punjab consists mainly of Punjabis, Jats, and Rajputs. The official language is Punjabi. The majority of the population is Sikh, the largest minority is Hindu, and a very small percentage is Muslim, Buddhist, Christian, or Jain. 59% of Punjab population is literate. Universities located in the state include Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar, Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana, and Punjabi University in Patiala. More than 80 percent of Punjab is cultivated, and farming is the leading occupation. The major crops are wheat, maize, rice, pulses, sugarcane, and cotton.The industries include the manufacture of textiles, sewing machines, sporting goods, starch, fertilizers, bicycles, scientific instruments, electrical goods, and machine tools, and the processing of sugar and pine oil. I am proud to be Punjabi because of pure and rich culture of that state. Punjabis' are famous all around the world and can be easily found in any corner of the world. ANCIENT CIVILIZATION: Punjab is the birth place of Indus Valley Civilization, which is more than 4000 years old. Harappa and Mohenjodaro civilization, along the banks of the Indus in Punjab is also the most ancient and famous civilization in the world history. Punjab is also the birth place of many Saints belong to Sikh and Hindu religion. Aryan Migration: During ancient Punjab takes small scale migrations by the Aryans from the North-West (1500-100 BC). The next thousand year they live in Punjab, they settled never Indus Basin where the oldest books of human history called the Rig-Vedas are supposed to have been written. The language of Aryans was Sanskrit. Persian Rule: Punjab shared lot of history with great Persian empires. Punjab came under their control from time to time. Darius the great, the Persian king attacked Punjab and occupied many parts of Punjab. At last the Punjab was full invaded by the Persian King Gustasp in 516 BC. Punjab became the wealthiest Satrapy i.e., the province in the Persian kingdom. Punjab became the heart of the Persian Empire.

Bechtel and GE

DPC was a Joint venture with General Electric and Enron in India. 2nd slide Bechtel has strong corporate culture, values and ethics and it shows a great discipline in project management. It has a performance-based leadership and its latest performance-based leadership program is called ‘Employee Engagement,' which says that if you engage employees effectively in a good relationship with a supervisor, you will create a highly satisfying environment. Employees who are happy and believe they are treated well by the leaders, they perform well too.One of the ain organizational goals is the motivation and satisfaction of the employees and as Riley Bechtel has claimed â€Å"Give Bechtel's people a challenge and they'll make history'. Finally, Bechtel provides equal opportunities for everyone. However, employees usually complain about the fact that the majority of Jobs are in Asia and Middle East, which makes them relocate every so often. 3rd slide Bechtel's Corporation core goal is t o strengthen local economies, helping its customers, wherever their facilities are found, to achieve their objectives.It creates usiness-building opportunities for local firms, employing area workers and professionals, and advancing its customer's vision. Also, the company supports local growth, skills training, and supply chain development; The Company supports the protection of the environment and that's why it minimizes its construction footprint; lastly, it operates to maximize resource efficiency. 4th slide Let's talk about the Similarities and differences between Bechtel and GE. First, we will discuss the similarities.Both Bechtel and GE are decentralized companies, which ean that the power and the authority to make decisons delegate from head office to lower and local levels [Less uniformity, Decisions made in relation to local circumstances]. [Centralised: 1) Keep decision making power at the top of the hierarchy, 2) Don't delegate to local or lower levels]. Also, Bechtel ad opts the Six Sigma approach; indeed, it was the first EPC (engineering, procurement and construction) company to launch Six Sigma in 2000.Moreover, both companies want to foster and reinforce the performance of its employees as well as the working nvironment and so, they create projects teams. Another similarity is that the give emphasis on the cultural exchange, thus they work with local firms trying to provide them with the required knowledge on construction and engineering. Finally, both companies promote diversity. the employment of more than 350,000 people in both companies prove that they try to help and occupy local people, giving them the opportunity to produce, create and innovate; all these factors contribute to one of the Let's see the differences.Bechtel unlike GE alters its policies for local requirements, or example, through performance reviews as well as the employees have significantly influenced the cultural change. Another difference is the size of the company, sin ce GE is much bigger employing more than 305,000 people, while Bechtel has 53,000 employees. Finally, the last difference concerns the type of projects, since Bechtel adopts projects mainly to reinforce its employees, such as â€Å"Toward 2001†, while GE adopts different approaches to foster its working and corporate environment, such as Work-out and Six Sigma.

America Correctional Association

The American Correctional Association (ACA) is the largest correctional association in the world and represents all organizations of corrections within the criminal justice system. â€Å"The ACA is comprised of 78 chapters and affiliated organizational members, including federal, state, and military correctional facilities and prisons, county jails and detention centers, community corrections and halfway houses, and probation/parole agencies. The organization leads the cause of corrections and correctional effectiveness for practitioners and to benefit the public† (Gale). In 1870, it was established as the National Prison Association (later renamed the American Prison Association), which makes it the oldest association in the correctional profession. The organization changed its name from the APA to the ACA in 1954 because they recognized that the corrections concept extends beyond prisons and jails. The ACA contributes towards increasing professional knowledge and abilities by providing an academic forum. The annual conventions focus on information about new philosophies and practices within the correctional disciplines. The ideas and information exchanged may ultimately affect over 600,000 staff members and inmates in the nation’s correctional systems† (Gale). The ACA also provides professional development, certification to standards and accreditation, and aids with research and publications. The ACA advocated for rehabilitation by providing offenders with physical exercise, recreation, religious programs, education, and job training. A nother issue within the ACA is the treatment and rehabilitation of female offenders. The Association on Programs for Female Offenders (APFO) is an affiliate of the ACA and serves as an advocacy group for female offenders. They advanced correctional concerns that pertain to female offenders. Some concerns are visitation with children, intra-prison pregnancies, and drug treatment programs designed to prevent harm to unborn children of pregnant females at the time of incarceration. With the knowledge and success the ACA provides, my career success can be improved. The education I received at Mount Mercy College is now getting improved from University of Phoenix. If I commit to a job within corrections after graduation, the ACA will continuously improve my education because of the unlimited access a member can receive. I would also try to attend their yearly conferences to become a better staff member within the correctional facility. References American Correctional Association. Retrieved from http://www. aca. org The Gale Group (2002). American Correctional Association. In World of Criminal Justice. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry. worldcrims/american_correctional_association_aca

How to Write an Sop for Grad School

HOW TO WRITE A WINNING STATEMENT OF PURPOSE FOR A GRADUATE SCHOOL Compiled by Shoukat Iqbal Khattak Faculty Member Bahria University of Management Sciences-Karachi campus E-mail:shoukat. [email  protected] edu. pk Developed & Created by Anthony O. Okobi using: STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Table of Content 1. Introduction:What, Why and How of Statement of Purpose. 2. Stage I: Do your Homework 3. Stage II:Reflect and Brainstorm (on paper) 4. Stage III:Outline your Statement of Purpose 5. Stage IV:Write Draft of Statement of Purpose 6. Stage V:Ask for Critique, Revise and Edit . Example:Sample Statement of Purpose Introduction A written statement of purpose is a standard requirement for graduate school admission. It is a tool for the faculty on graduate school admissions committees to assess the knowledge, experience, motivation, intellectual maturity and readiness of applicants to pursue graduate education at their institution. The statement of purpose is a crucial component of the graduate school admissions process. It can determine whether an applicant is accepted or rejected, irrespective of their other qualifications.This document outlines the 5 stages that a graduate school applicant should go through in order to write an impressive and successful statement of purpose. Stage I: Do your Homework 1. Browse through the websites of the schools/departments/programs of interest to you. Obtain brochures and booklets and read through them carefully. Highlight the aspects of the programs that appeal to you. 2. Read up on the research interests and projects of the faculty in the schools/departments/programs. Read publications from a faculty of interest. 3.Browse through recent articles from the research field of interest and try to get a general understanding of how the field developed and what are its current problems and challenges. Stage II: Reflect and Brainstorm (on paper) 1. Reflect on your intellectual development. †¢ What and when were the major moments in your life that have led you to your current research interest(s) and school/department/program? †¢ What or who influenced your decision or interest (i. e. role models)? †¢ What quality about them appealed to you? 2. Why did you choose your research topic(s)/field/school? . Why did you choose your undergraduate major? 4. What are your career goals? †¢ Where do you see yourself in 10 years? †¢ What do you hope to accomplish? †¢ What drives you? What motivates you? Stage III: Outline your Statement of Purpose 1. From the results of Stage II, determine a central theme/topic that stands out or dominates your reflections and brainstorm. 2. Using bullet points and brief comments/statements, organize your reflections and brainstorm ideas that strengthen the central theme/topic of your statement of purpose. Concentrate on your life experiences and give specific examples. †¢ Put down only those things that excite you. †¢ Do not make things up! 3. Your outline sh ould cover these areas and, preferably, in this order: †¢ What aspects of the school/department/program appeals to you? †¢ What are your research interest(s)? †¢ How did you become interested in your current research topic/area? †¢ How did you prepare or are preparing to address the issues in this research area/topic (i. e. research experiences, courses, etc. )? †¢ What are your future goals for graduate school (i. e. Ph. D. )? What are your career goals (i. e. professorship)? †¢ What characteristics of the school/department/program can help you accomplish your goals? †¢ What positive aspects do you bring to the school/department/program? Stage IV: Write Draft of Statement of Purpose 1. When writing your statement of purpose: †¢ Always use positive language when referring to yourself. †¢ Give detailed, but concise examples. †¢ Use transition words, sentences and paragraphs. Your statement must read smoothly. †¢ Skip a line after each paragraph. †¢ Refrain from starting neighboring paragraphs the same way. Avoid using vocabulary that you do not know. †¢ Refrain from repeating yourself. †¢ Have strong opening and closing paragraph. †¢ Stay within the 2 – 3 page limit! †¢ Thank the admissions committee for their time at the end of your statement of purpose. Stage V: Ask for Critique, Revise and Edit 1. When you are finished with your draft statement of purpose, read it out loud to yourself and make corrections. 2. Ask friends, colleagues and professors to read your edited draft. Taking their comments into consideration, revise and edit your draft. EXAMPLECourtesy of copyright  © 2012 Study Mode, Inc. The following is a shortened sample SOP (with technical details removed. ) Expert comments at the end of the paragraphs point out important features. After one year's work experience as a research technician at  [redacted], one of the US's leading research institutes, I want to return to academic study and undertake graduate studies in Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics at the University of  [redacted]. 1. Stating what you are doing now and what you are applying for is a simple, direct way of starting an SOP.After graduating with a first class degree from  [redacted], University of  [redacted], I felt I should gain some practical experience working in a research environment to gain first-hand knowledge of what the life of a research scientist entails. I have loved every minute of my work: especially the opportunity to participate in cutting-edge projects and discuss ideas with senior biologists. I soon realized that, although I enjoy handling the complex equipment and processing the results, I am not going to be satisfied with carrying out routine procedures under the direction of others.I want to be part of the team that directs the course of the project. My senior colleagues have encouraged my ambition and feel that I have the potential for gradu ate studies. 2. Notice how the student tries to analyze the reasons for her choices. My love of biology started in high school. We had a young and enthusiastic teacher, Mrs. [redacted], who took us on field trips and visits. She made sure we did as much practical work as was feasible, and demonstrated experiments that we hadn't the equipment or time to do ourselves. She also encouraged us to read.I remember the impact reading Maynard Smith's  The Theory of Evolution  had on me: I wanted to be able to explain such important ideas as clearly as he did. Quite naturally my first thoughts about a future career tended towards teaching – I wanted to be another Mrs. [redacted]. 3. It is good to explain how you became interested in your subject. However, don't go too far back! Notice that a specific example helps create interest. At undergraduate level, my interests became more focused. Although physiology and ecology came easy to me, it was biochemistry and cell biology that real ly captured my interest.We were fortunate to have good laboratories and excellent professors. I found that cell biology was an interdisciplinary undertaking: today you need a foundation in chemistry, physics and even IT to be at the forefront in this subject. This interdisciplinary aspect of the subject suits my abilities well. I have always performed well in all science subjects and find it challenging to apply the knowledge to practical problems. For this reason I chose to undertake a project in my final year on the behavior of protein molecules in high energy fields at  [redacted].The scientists at [redacted]  were impressed with my practical skills and were happy to give me a recommendation that led to my present job. 4. Details of courses and projects help to show focus. (This student went on to describe another important college project. She also gave a full description of her current scientific work. ) Many people have asked me why I did not proceed directly to graduate s tudies after graduating. The answer is that I wanted to make sure that I had chosen the right subject and the right place before embarking on a course of study that would involve many years of my life.The one-year gap has also given me time to work with the local Natural History Society: we take families on Sunday trips to the nearby National Park to help create awareness about environmental issues. I have also been a member and organizer of the  [redacted]  Film Society: we watch and discuss films from all over the world. I am looking forward to furthering my interest in film in the  [redacted]  Film club, at your university, and I also hope to use my passion for teaching in the  [redacted] Social Outreach program. . Explain the reasons for any unusual features of your career (taking a year out, poor performance, etc. ). Include social and extracurricular activities to show balance in your life or because they are relevant to the course. In selecting the University of   [redacted],  I have been influenced by the way your research program addresses biological questions at the levels of molecule, gene and cell. I am particularly looking forward to such courses as Developmental Biology and Bioinformatics.I am also excited to interact with Professors  [redacted]  and  [redacted]  whose work is closest to what I want to pursue for the original research component of the MS degree. I have been corresponding with  [redacted], a current student, from whom I have learned about the collaborative environment at  [redacted]  where I will interact with talented students, teachers and industry professionals. I believe that I will be able to contribute to and learn from the academically challenging environment at the University of  [redacted]. 6. Try to show that you are fully familiar with the course you are applying for.

Appellee’s Brief Essay

Accused-appellant Pedro Sarmiento y Tordecilla together with co-accused Timeo Yhaap y Palparan and Antonio Olanne y Bergdugo was charged before the Regional Trial Court, 12th Judicial Regional Branch 15, Quezon City of robbery with rape. The case was docketed as Criminal Case No. 123456. The accusatory portion reads: â€Å"That on or about February 14, 2006, in Quezon City, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, armed with a knife, and gun, conspiring and confederating together, mutually aiding and assisting with one another, forced open the red Toyota Corrola Plate No. Apple laptop computer, black Nokia N91 cellphone, diamond engagement ring, green Lacoste handbag, and cash, all estimated to be worth P150,000. 00, all belonging to and taken against the will of said   all to the latter’s damage and prejudice; that on the occasion of means of force and intimidation, did then and there willfully and feloniously, have carnal knowledge of the said. Upon being arraigned all the accused including accused-appellant Sarmiento pleaded not guilty to the crime charged. The prosecution established the guilt of all the accused beyond reasonable doubt by presenting as evidence the testimony of the victim herself. She got out of the car to survey the damage when suddenly three men, two of which where armed, grabbed her, forced her car open and took her personal belongings inside the said car. Thereafter the all the perpetrators removed their mask one of them pointed a gun at her, took her to a nearby grassy area then and there forcibly raped her at gunpoint. She was able to identify Timeo Yhapp as the rapist and the accused-appellant Pedro Sarmiento as the one holding the knife and was jeering when she was being raped.

People over 68 years of age should have their driver's licenses Essay

People over 68 years of age should have their driver's licenses cancelled - Essay Example With an increase in life expectancy and reduction in population growth, the number of old people in the U.S is expected to triple. In recent years there has been controversy concerning the maximum age beyond which a person should not drive. Ageing is a continuous and complex process and hence there is no any absolute definition of an old person. Lack of a precise definition for an old person must be the cause of controversy surrounding maximum driving age. The rising number of accidents caused by seniors indicates that old people are more likely to cause accidents. Driving is a process that requires speedy reactions and decision-making. This is because drivers are expected to drive their vehicles at a relatively high speed especially the highway drivers. Driving at a high speed requires a person to have quick response as well as fast and rational decision-making. Response and decision-making depends on a person’s rate of reaction. Hope (web) stated that old people have slow response. Slow reaction makes old people to have slow response in relation to the speed of the vehicle. Accident takes a fraction of a second to happen but have fatal consequences. This implies that a driver should have quick response to events and occurrences on the roads. This makes the old people to be more likely to cause accident than young people. Old age is a losing process as described by theories of aging. This implies at old age people lose most of their capabilities. Aging is also described as an accumulation process, at old age a person accumulates problems acquired during his lifetime. The sense of sight plays an important role in driving since through the eyesight drivers are able to determine their direction. Eyesight also enables drivers to determine and avoid obstacles that might be present on the way. Most importantly, drivers use their eyesight to determine distance and speed (Lindenburg 78). It is not clearly known how this

Does learning and development contribute to organisational success and Essay

Does learning and development contribute to organisational success and performance management - Essay Example While all three fields are usually held to be one and the same, practitioners instead view them separately (Garavan, Costeen and Heraty 1995). The field of training and development is said to have people taking on roles analogous to those found in the business world (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2004). Senior managers take on the role of sponsors; business planners, meanwhile, are analogous to clients. The term ‘participants’ alludes to the trainees themselves and finally, the HRM staff are said to be facilitators. Naturally, each of these groups will have their own agendas and ideas as to how best to go about the process, which may or may not come into conflict with each other. The most common instance is the conflict that often occurs between employees and bosses, and is the #1 reason for people quitting their jobs. As Dr. John Hoover (2003) explains, bosses are not perfect, and it is sometimes the case that their competence is matched or even exceeded by one of their subordinates. In such a case, pride must be swallowed if a healthy working relationship is to be maintained; as Hoover puts it, raw talent, knowledge and skill are rarely if ever more important than getting along well with one’s co-workers. This makes it necessary that people skills be part of the employees’ training regimen. Bob Hamilton (2009) of Articlesbase stresses training and development as one of the most important things any business owner must keep in mind. Specifically, he says, this is something vital both for high-ranking executives and lower-level managers alike. It is recommended that the employees all have a good grasp of what their work entails. They need to understand what their duties and responsibilities are, and to have the skills necessary to carry these out as efficiently as possible. Giving them a guided tour of the facilities may help in this regard, as will a straightforward